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ve to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 early life and education 2 presidency of columbia university 3 political activity toggle political activity subsection 3 1 attitude towards fascism and nazism 4 internationalist 5 personal life 6 honors 7 works 8 see also 9 notes 10 further reading 11 external links toggle the table of contents nicholas murray butler 49 languages العربية مصرى azərbaycanca تۆرکجه беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български বাংলা català کوردی čeština dansk deutsch esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français עברית हिन्दी հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia ido íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 kurdî latina bahasa melayu nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål polski پنجابی português русский slovenščina svenska kiswahili türkçe українська اردو yorùbá 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikisource wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia american philosopher diplomat and educator 1862 1947 not to be confused with nickolas butler nicholas butler butler c 1902 12th president of columbia university in office january 6 1902 october 1 1945 preceded by seth low succeeded by frank d fackenthal acting personal details born 1862 04 02 april 2 1862 elizabeth new jersey u s died december 7 1947 1947 12 07 aged 85 new york city new york u s party republican spouse susanna edwards schuyler m 1887 died 1903 kate la montagne m 1907 education columbia university ba ma phd signature butler in 1916 nicholas murray butler april 2 1862 december 7 1947 was an american philosopher diplomat and educator butler was president of columbia university 1 president of the carnegie endowment for international peace a recipient of the nobel peace prize and the late james s sherman s replacement as william howard taft s running mate in the 1912 united states presidential election the new york times printed his christmas greeting to the nation for many years during the 1920s and 1930s 2 3 4 5 early life and education edit butler great grandson of morgan john rhys 6 was born in elizabeth new jersey to mary butler and manufacturing worker henry butler he enrolled in columbia college later columbia university and joined the peithologian society he earned his bachelor s degree in 1882 his master s degree in 1883 and his doctorate in 1884 butler s academic and other achievements led theodore roosevelt to call him nicholas miraculous in 1885 butler studied in paris and berlin and became a lifelong friend of future secretary of state elihu root through root he also met roosevelt and william howard taft in the fall of 1885 butler joined the staff of columbia s philosophy department in 1887 he co founded with grace hoadley dodge 7 and became president of the new york school for the training of teachers which later affiliated with columbia university and was renamed teachers college columbia university and from which a co educational experimental and developmental unit became horace mann school 8 from 1890 to 1891 butler was a lecturer at johns hopkins university in baltimore throughout the 1890s butler served on the new jersey board of education and helped form the college entrance examination board during the 1890s butler edited the great educators book series for charles scribner s sons 9 presidency of columbia university edit in 1901 butler became acting president of columbia university and in 1902 formally became president among the many dignitaries in attendance at his investiture was president roosevelt butler was president of columbia for 43 years the longest tenure in the university s history retiring in 1945 as president butler carried out a major expansion of the campus adding many new buildings schools and departments these additions included columbia presbyterian medical center the first academic medical center in the world in 1919 butler amended the admissions process to columbia in order to limit the number of jewish students it became the first american institution of higher learning to establish a quota on the number of jews admitted butler s policy reduced the number of students hailing from new york city from 54 to 23 stemming from what was called at the time the invasion of the jewish student 10 11 this is one of the reasons why butler has been called an anti semite 12 in september 1931 butler told the freshman class at columbia that totalitarian systems produced men of far greater intelligence far stronger character and far more courage than the system of elections 13 204 in 1937 he was admitted as an honorary member of the new york society of the cincinnati 14 in 1941 the pulitzer prize fiction jury selected ernest hemingway s for whom the bell tolls the pulitzer board initially agreed with that judgment but butler ex officio head of the pulitzer board found the novel offensive and persuaded the board to reverse its determination so that no novel received the prize that year 15 hemingway didn t receive his pulitzer for the old man and the sea until 1952 after butler s death during his lifetime columbia named its philosophy library for him after he died its main academic library previously known as south hall was renamed butler library a faculty apartment building on 119th street and morningside drive was also renamed in butler s honor as was a prize in philosophy an in depth look at butler s time at columbia university can be found in the goose step a study of american education by upton sinclair political activity edit butler was a delegate to each republican national convention from 1888 to 1936 when vice president james s sherman died six days before the 1912 united states presidential election butler was designated to receive the electoral votes that sherman would have received the republican ticket won only 8 electoral votes from utah and vermont finishing third behind the democrats and the progressives butler tried to secure the 1916 republican presidential nomination for elihu root butler also sought the nomination for himself in 1920 without success 16 butler believed that prohibition was a mistake with negative effects on the country he was active in the successful effort for repeal prohibition in 1933 17 he credited john w burgess along with alexander hamilton for providing the philosophical basis of his republican principles 18 in june 1936 butler traveled to the carnegie endowment peace conference in london where at the meeting fundamental problems of money and finance were explored 19 autochrome portrait by auguste léon 1921 attitude towards fascism and nazism edit according to historian stephen h norwood butler failed to grasp the nature and implications of nazism influenced both by his antisemitism privately expressed and his economic conservatism and hostility to trade unionism 20 butler was a longtime admirer of benito mussolini he compared the italian fascist leader to oliver cromwell 21 and in the 1920s he noted the stupendous improvement which fascism has brought 22 in november 1933 months after the nazi book burnings began he welcomed hans luther the german ambassador to the united states to columbia and refused to appear with a notable german dissident when the latter visited the university in 1936 butler permanently expelled student robert burke class president of the class of 1938 for leading an anti nazi mock book burning protest on campus after butler accepted an invitation to a celebration at heidelberg university 23 24 butler was criticized for his remarkable silence and complicity towards hitler s regime until the late 1930s 12 25 butler only unambiguously condemned nazi germany after kristallnacht 26 internationalist edit bust of nicholas murray butler in the reading room of the university library of the catholic university of leuven as president of columbia university butler was chair of the national committee of the united states for the restoration of the university of leuven after the burning of the library during wwi from 1907 to 1912 butler was the chair of the lake mohonk conference on international arbitration butler was also instrumental in persuading andrew carnegie to provide the initial 10 million funding for the carnegie endowment for international peace butler became head of international education and communication founded the european branch of the endowment headquartered in paris and was president of the endowment from 1925 to 1945 for his work in this field he received the nobel peace prize for 1931 shared with jane addams for his promotion of the kellogg briand pact and for his work as the leader of the more establishment oriented part of the american peace movement in december 1916 butler roosevelt and other philanthropists including scottish born industrialist john c moffat william astor chanler joseph choate clarence mackay george von lengerke meyer and john grier hibben purchased the château de chavaniac birthplace of the marquis de lafayette in auvergne to serve as a headquarters for the french heroes lafayette memorial fund 27 28 which was managed by chanler s ex wife beatrice ashley chanler 29 30 butler was president of the pilgrims society which promotes anglo american friendship 31 he served as president of the pilgrims from 1928 to 1946 32 butler was president of the american academy of arts and letters from 1928 to 1941 citation needed 33 and was an early member of the academy 34 personal life edit butler married susanna edwards schuyler 1863 1903 in 1887 and had one daughter from that marriage susanna was the daughter of jacob rutsen schuyler 1816 1887 and susannah haigh edwards born 1830 his wife died in 1903 and he married again in 1907 to kate la montagne granddaughter of new york property developer thomas e davis 35 in 1940 butler completed his autobiography with the publication of the second volume of across the busy years 36 butler became almost completely blind in 1945 at age 83 he resigned from the posts he held and died two years later 37 he is interred at cedar lawn cemetery in paterson new jersey 38 butler was not universally liked in 1939 a former student of butler rolfe humphries published in the pages of poetry an effort titled draft ode for a phi beta kappa occasion that followed a classical format of unrhymed blank verse in iambic pentameter with one classical reference per line the first letters of each line of the resulting acrostic spelled out the message nicholas murray butler is a horses ass upon discovering the hidden message the irate editors ran a formal apology 39 randolph bourne lampooned butler as alexander macintosh butcher in one of our conquerors a 1915 essay he published in the new republic 40 butler wrote and spoke voluminously on all manner of subjects ranging from education to world peace in the american mercury the critic dorothy dunbar bromley referred to butler s pronouncements as those interminable miasmas of guff 41 honors edit knight grand commander in the order of the redeemer 42 order of saint sava grand cross of the order of the white lion on 1926 07 14 43 grand cordon of the order of leopold knight grand cross in the order of the crown of italy commander in the order of the red eagle knight grand cross in the order of saints maurice and lazarus doctor honoris causa university of szeged hungary in 1931 elected member of the american philosophical society in 1938 44 works edit 1896 introduction regeneration a reply to max nordau by hake alfred egmont new york city g p putnam s sons lccn 22018013 oclc 2886930 ol 6647134m retrieved march 24 2022 via internet archive 1907 true and false democracy new york city the macmillan company oclc 1085980194 retrieved july 6 2017 via internet archive march 4 1908 philosophy third thousand ed new york city columbia university press published 1911 ol 20542028m retrieved march 24 2022 via internet archive 1912 the international mind an argument for the judicial settlement of international disputes new york city charles scribner s sons oclc 1047511494 retrieved july 6 2017 via internet archive 1912 why should we change our form of government studies in practical politics new york city charles scribner s sons oclc 1158379286 retrieved march 24 2022 via internet archive october 1914 the great war and its lessons new york city american association for international reconciliation lccn 21003338 oclc 1158379286 retrieved march 24 2022 via internet archive 1914 the united states of europe interview interviewed by marshall edward new york city carnegie endowment for international peace oclc 1086146230 ol 23638844m retrieved july 6 2017 via internet archive 1914 the united states as a world power interview interviewed by marshall edward new york city carnegie endowment for international peace oclc 1086146637 ol 13497116m retrieved march 24 2022 via internet archive april 25 1916 the building of the nation new york city carnegie endowment for international peace lccn 16014796 oclc 1041645865 ol 23283299m retrieved march 24 2022 via internet archive 1918 the basis of durable peace written at the invitation of the new york times new york city charles scribner s sons lccn 24003441 oclc 1041043446 retrieved july 6 2017 via internet archive february 11 1919 problems of peace and after peace paterson new jersey oclc 181661998 retrieved july 7 2017 via internet archive cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link february 21 1921 making liberal men and women public criticism of present day education the new paganism the university politics and religion new york city columbia university oclc 1049618080 retrieved march 24 2022 via internet archive 1921 scholarship and service the policies of a national university in a modern democracy new york city charles scribner s sons oclc 1084595889 retrieved march 24 2022 via internet archive 1923 building the american nation an essay of interpretation new york city charles scribner s sons ol 14798157m retrieved march 24 2022 via internet archive 1924 the faith of a liberal essays and addresses on political principles and public policies new york city charles scribner s sons lccn 24030512 ol 14125156m 1934 between two worlds interpretations of the age in which we live new york city charles scribner s sons lccn 34010046 oclc 1124951 ol 6303958m 1939 across the busy years recollections and reflections vol 1 new york city charles scribner s sons oclc 1038753871 ol 13530857m retrieved july 6 2017 via internet ar...
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