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turns east in montana at triple divide peak causing the waterton belly and saint mary rivers to flow north into alberta there they join the saskatchewan river which ultimately empties into hudson bay 99 lakes and reservoirs whitefish lake in montana montana has some 3 000 named lakes and reservoirs including flathead lake the largest natural freshwater lake in the western united states other major lakes include whitefish lake in the flathead valley and lake mcdonald and st mary lake in glacier national park the largest reservoir in the state is fort peck reservoir on the missouri river which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world 161 other major reservoirs include hungry horse on the flathead river lake koocanusa on the kootenai river lake elwell on the marias river clark canyon on the beaverhead river yellowtail on the bighorn river canyon ferry hauser holter rainbow and black eagle on the missouri river flora and fauna see also list of monocotyledons of montana list of coniferous plants of montana list of lichens of montana list of amphibians and reptiles of montana list of birds of montana fish of montana and mammals of montana 100 pound native montana wolf taken in 1928 vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine ponderosa pine douglas fir larch spruce aspen birch red cedar hemlock ash alder rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees forests cover about 25 of the state flowers native to montana include asters bitterroots daisies lupins poppies primroses columbine lilies orchids and dryads several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common many species of mushrooms and lichens 162 are also found in the state montana is home to diverse fauna including 14 amphibian 163 90 fish 164 117 mammal 165 20 reptile 166 and 427 bird 167 species additionally more than 10 000 invertebrate species are present including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states 168 montana hosts five federally endangered species black footed ferret whooping crane least tern pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear canadian lynx and bull trout 169 a since re introduction the gray wolf population has stabilized at about 900 animals and they have been delisted as endangered 170 the montana department of fish wildlife and parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout walleye and smallmouth bass 171 and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring neck pheasant grey partridge elk pronghorn antelope mule deer whitetail deer gray wolf american bison and bighorn sheep 172 protected lands see also list of montana state parks pompeys pillar national monument montana contains glacier national park the crown of the continent and parts of yellowstone national park including three of the park s five entrances other federally recognized sites include the little bighorn national monument bighorn canyon national recreation area and big hole national battlefield the cskt bison range is managed by the confederated salish and kootenai tribes and the american prairie is owned and operated by a nonprofit organization federal and state agencies administer approximately 31 300 000 acres 127 000 km 2 or 35 percent of montana s land the u s department of agriculture forest service administers 16 800 000 acres 68 000 km 2 of forest land in ten national forests there are approximately 3 300 000 acres 13 000 km 2 of wilderness in 12 separate wilderness areas that are part of the national wilderness preservation system established by the wilderness act of 1964 the u s department of the interior bureau of land management controls 8 100 000 acres 33 000 km 2 of federal land the u s department of the interior fish and wildlife service administers 110 000 acres 450 km 2 of 1 1 million acres of national wildlife refuges and waterfowl production areas in montana the u s department of the interior bureau of reclamation administers approximately 300 000 acres 1 200 km 2 of land and water surface in the state the montana department of fish wildlife and parks operate approximately 275 265 acres 1 113 96 km 2 of state parks and access points on the state s rivers and lakes the montana department of natural resources and conservation manages 5 200 000 acres 21 000 km 2 of school trust land ceded by the federal government under the land ordinance of 1785 to the state in 1889 when montana was granted statehood these lands are managed by the state for the benefit of public schools and institutions in the state 173 quake lake was created by a landslide during the 1959 hebgen lake earthquake areas managed by the national park service include 174 big hole national battlefield near wisdom bighorn canyon national recreation area near fort smith glacier national park grant kohrs ranch national historic site at deer lodge lewis and clark national historic trail little bighorn battlefield national monument near crow agency nez perce national historical park yellowstone national park climate temperature and precipitation for montana s capital city helena köppen climate types of montana using 1991 2020 climate normals montana is a large state with considerable variation in geography topography and elevation and the climate is equally varied the state spans from below the 45th parallel the line equidistant between the equator and north pole to the 49th parallel and elevations range from under 2 000 feet 610 m to nearly 13 000 feet 4 000 m above sea level the western half is mountainous interrupted by numerous large valleys eastern montana comprises plains and badlands broken by hills and isolated mountain ranges and has a semi arid continental climate köppen climate classification bsk the continental divide has a considerable effect on the climate as it restricts the flow of warmer air from the pacific from moving east and drier continental air from moving west the area west of the divide has a modified northern pacific coast climate with milder winters cooler summers less wind and a longer growing season 175 low clouds and fog often form in the valleys west of the divide in winter but this is rarely seen in the east 176 average daytime temperatures vary from 28 f or 2 2 c in january to 84 5 f or 29 2 c in july 177 verification needed the variation in geography leads to great variation in temperature the highest observed summer temperature was 117 f or 47 2 c at glendive on july 20 1893 and medicine lake on july 5 1937 throughout the state summer nights are generally cool and pleasant extreme hot weather is less common above 4 000 feet or 1 200 meters 175 snowfall has been recorded in all months of the year in the more mountainous areas of central and western montana though it is rare in july and august 175 the coldest temperature on record for montana is also the coldest temperature for the contiguous united states on january 20 1954 70 f or 56 7 c was recorded at a gold mining camp near rogers pass temperatures vary greatly on cold nights and helena 40 miles 64 km to the southeast had a low of only 36 f or 37 8 c on the same date and an all time record low of 42 f or 41 1 c 175 winter cold spells are usually the result of cold continental air coming south from canada the front is often well defined causing a large temperature drop in a 24 hour period conversely air flow from the southwest results in chinooks these steady 25 50 mph 40 80 km h or more winds can suddenly warm parts of montana especially areas just to the east of the mountains where temperatures sometimes rise up to 50 60 f 10 0 15 6 c for 10 days or longer 175 178 loma is the site of the most extreme recorded temperature change in a 24 hour period in the united states on january 15 1972 a chinook wind blew in and the temperature rose from 54 to 49 f 47 8 to 9 4 c a 103 f 57 2 c degree difference 179 clark fork river missoula in autumn average annual precipitation is 15 inches 380 mm but great variations are seen the mountain ranges block the moist pacific air holding moisture in the western valleys and creating rain shadows to the east heron in the west receives the most precipitation 34 70 inches 881 mm on the eastern leeward side of a mountain range the valleys are much drier lonepine averages 11 45 inches 291 mm and deer lodge 11 00 inches 279 mm of precipitation the mountains can receive over 100 inches 2 500 mm for example the grinnell glacier in glacier national park gets 105 inches 2 700 mm 176 an area southwest of belfry averaged only 6 59 inches 167 mm over a 16 year period most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0 76 to 1 27 meters of snow each year mountain ranges can accumulate 300 inches or 7 62 meters of snow during a winter heavy snowstorms may occur from september through may though most snow falls from november to march 175 the climate has become warmer in montana with the average temperature rising almost 2 5 f 1 3 c since 1900 at a rate higher than the continental u s average and continues to do so 180 the glaciers in glacier national park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades 181 many montana cities set heat records during july 2007 the hottest month ever recorded in montana 182 183 winters are warmer too and have fewer cold spells previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles but these are now attacking the forests of western montana 184 185 the warmer winters in the region have allowed various species to expand their ranges and proliferate 186 the combination of warmer weather attack by beetles and mismanagement has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in montana 182 185 according to a study done for the u s environmental protection agency by the harvard school of engineering and applied science parts of montana will experience a 200 increase in area burned by wildfires and an 80 increase in related air pollution 187 188 the table below lists average temperatures for the warmest and coldest month for montana s seven largest cities the coldest month varies between december and january depending on location although figures are similar throughout average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in montana 189 location july f coldest month f july c coldest month c billings 90 59 32 14 32 15 4 9 missoula 88 51 30 11 31 16 0 8 great falls 93 59 28 11 34 15 1 9 bozeman 81 51 27 10 31 12 0 11 butte 86 41 27 7 30 5 1 15 helena 88 54 30 12 31 12 0 11 kalispell 84 57 27 9 29 14 1 10 antipodes montana is one of only two contiguous states along with colorado that are antipodal to land the kerguelen islands are antipodal to the montana saskatchewan alberta border no towns are precisely antipodal to kerguelen though chester and rudyard are close 190 cities and towns see also list of cities and towns in montana and list of counties in montana missoula montana has 56 counties and a total of 364 places as defined by the united states census bureau the latter comprising 129 incorporated places and 235 census designated places the incorporated places are made up of 52 cities 75 towns and two consolidated city counties 191 montana has one city billings with a population over 100 000 and three cities with populations over 50 000 missoula great falls and bozeman the state also has five micropolitan statistical areas centered on bozeman butte helena kalispell and havre 192 collectively all of these areas excluding havre are known informally as the big seven as they are consistently the seven largest communities in the state their rank order in terms of population is billings missoula great falls bozeman butte helena and kalispell according to the 2010 u s census 193 based on 2013 census numbers they contain 35 percent of montana s population 194 and the counties in which they are located are home to 62 percent of the state s population 195 the geographic center of population of montana is in sparsely populated meagher county in the town of white sulphur springs demographics montana population density map historical population census pop note 1870 20 595 1880 39 159 90 1 1890 142 924 265 0 1900 243 329 70 3 1910 376 053 54 5 1920 548 889 46 0 1930 537 606 2 1 1940 559 456 4 1 1950 591 024 5 6 1960 674 767 14 2 1970 694 409 2 9 1980 786 690 13 3 1990 799 065 1 6 2000 902 195 12 9 2010 989 415 9 7 2020 1 084 225 9 6 2025 est 1 144 694 5 6 source 1910 2020 196 ethnic origins in montana largest alone or in any combination ethnic origin by county in montana per the 2020 census population of montana 1870 2018 the united states census bureau states that the population of montana was 1 132 812 on july 1 2023 a 4 5 increase since the 2020 census 197 the 2020 census put montana s population at 1 084 225 during the first decade of the new century growth was mainly concentrated in montana s seven largest counties with the highest percentage growth in gallatin county which had a 32 9 increase in its population from 2010 to 2020 the city having the largest percentage growth was kalispell with 40 1 and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was billings with an increase in population of 12 946 from 2010 to 2020 on january 3 2012 the census and economic information center ceic at the montana department of commerce estimated montana had hit the one million population mark sometime between november and december 2011 198 according to hud s 2022 annual homeless assessment report there were an estimated 1 585 homeless people in montana 199 200 in 2018 the top countries of origin for montana s immigrants were canada mexico germany china and vietnam 201 according to the 2020 census 88 9 of the population was white 87 8 non hispanic white 6 7 american indian and alaska native 4 1 hispanics and latinos of any race 0 9 asian 0 6 black or african american 0 1 native hawaiian and other pacific islander and 2 8 from two or more races 202 the largest european ancestry groups in montana as of 2010 were german 27 0 irish 14 8 english 12 6 norwegian 10 9 french 4 7 and italian 3 4 203 montana racial breakdown of population racial composition 1990 204 2000 205 2010 206 2020 202 white 92 7 90 6 89 4 88 9 native 6 0 6 2 6 3 6 7 asian 0 5 0 5 0 6 0 9 black 0 3 0 3 0 4 0 6 native hawaiian and other pacific islander 0 1 0 1 0 1 other race 0 5 0 6 0 6 two or more races 1 7 2 5 2 8 montana racial and ethnic composition note the us census treats hispanic latino as an ethnic category this table excludes latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category hispanics latinos may be of any race race ethnicity nh non hispanic pop 2000 207 pop 2010 208 pop 2020 209 2000 2010 2020 white alone nh 807 823 868 628 901 318 89 54 87 79 83 13 black or african american alone nh 2 534 3 743 5 077 0 28 0 38 0 47 native american or alaska native alone nh 54 426 59 902 64 592 6 03...
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