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es pay a church tax of between 1 and 2 of income depending on the municipality in addition 2 55 per cent of corporate taxes are distributed to the state churches church taxes are integrated into the common national taxation system 56 germany edit germany levies a church tax on all persons declaring themselves to be christians of roughly 8 9 of their income tax which is effectively very much depending on the social and financial situation typically between 0 2 and 1 5 of the total income the proceeds are shared among catholic lutheran and other protestant churches 57 the church tax kirchensteuer traces its roots back as far as the reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 it was reaffirmed in the concordat of 1933 between nazi germany and the catholic church its legal basis is article 140 of the grundgesetz the german constitution in connection with article 137 of the weimar constitution these laws originally merely allowed the churches themselves to tax their members but in nazi germany collection of church taxes was transferred to the german government as a result both the german government and the employer are notified of the religious affiliation of every taxpayer this system is still in effect mandatory disclosure of religious affiliation to government agencies or employers constituted a violation of the original european data protection directives but is now permitted after the german government obtained an exemption 57 church tax kirchensteuer is compulsory in germany for those confessing members of a particular religious group it is deducted at the paye level the duty to pay this tax theoretically starts on the day one is christened anyone who wants to stop paying it has to declare in writing at their local court of law amtsgericht or registry office that they are leaving the church they are then crossed off the church registers and can no longer receive the sacraments confession and certain services a roman catholic church may deny such a person a burial plot 57 in addition to the government the taxpayer also must notify his employer of his religious affiliation or lack thereof in order to ensure proper tax withholding 58 this opt out is also used by members of free churches e g baptists non affiliated to the scheme to stop paying the church tax from which the free churches do not benefit in order to support their own church directly italy edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed may 2012 learn how and when to remove this message originally the italian government of benito mussolini under the lateran treaties of 1929 with the holy see paid a monthly salary to catholic clergymen this salary was called the congrua the eight per thousand law was created as a result of an agreement in 1984 between the italian republic and the holy see under this law italian taxpayers are able to vote how to partition the 0 8 eight per thousand of the total income tax irpef levied by italy among some specific religious confessions or alternatively to a social assistance program run by the italian state this declaration is made on the irpef form this vote is not compulsory the whole amount levied by the irpef tax is distributed in proportion to explicit declarations the last official statement of italian ministry of finance made in respect of the year 2000 singles out seven beneficiaries the italian state the catholic church the waldenses the jewish communities the lutherans the seventh day adventist church and the assemblies of god in italy the tax was divided up as follows 87 17 catholic church 10 35 italian state 1 21 waldenses 0 46 jewish communities 0 32 lutherans 0 28 adventists of the seventh day 0 21 assemblies of god in italy in 2000 the catholic church raised almost a billion euros while the italian state received about 100 million scotland edit main article teind in scotland teinds were the tenths of certain produce of the land appropriated to the maintenance of the church and clergy at the reformation most of the church property was acquired by the crown nobles and landowners in 1567 the privy council of scotland provided that a third of the revenues of lands should be applied to paying the clergy of the reformed church of scotland in 1925 the system was recast by statute 59 and provision was made for the standardisation of stipends at a fixed value in money the court of session acted as the teind court teinds were finally abolished by section 56 of the abolition of feudal tenure etc scotland act 2000 switzerland edit main article tithe in switzerland in the territory of present day switzerland the ecclesiastical tithe german zehnt french dîme was from the early middle ages a levy of one tenth of agricultural produce paid to the parish church and by the early modern period it had become the heaviest levy in kind for peasants of the swiss plateau and where secularized at the reformation a major source of cantonal revenue counted among the feudal dues from the enlightenment on it was abolished during the 19th century at different times in the different cantons 60 the modern successor to the tithe is the church tax kirchensteuer there is no national state church in switzerland under article 72 of the federal constitution the regulation of church state relations is a matter for the cantons 61 most cantons levy a church tax collected through the tax system on the registered members of the denominations they recognise under public law typically the roman catholic church the evangelical reformed church and in some cantons the christian catholic old catholic church and jewish communities such recognition has generally not been extended to other faiths such as islam or buddhism 62 63 the tax falls only on church members whether a member may decline it or must instead formally leave the church varies by canton and it is voluntary in ticino neuchâtel and geneva while vaud levies no church tax and meets church costs from general taxation 64 tithes and tithe law in england before reform edit excerpts from sir william blackstone commentaries on the laws of england definition and classification and those liable to pay tithes edit tithes which are defined to be the tenth part of the increase yearly arising and renewing from the profits of lands the stock upon lands and the personal industry of the inhabitants the first species being usually called predial 65 as of corn grass hops and wood the second mixed as of wool milk pigs c consisting of natural products but nurtured and preserved in part by the care of man and of these the tenth must be paid in gross the third personal as of manual occupations trades fisheries and the like and of these only the tenth part of the clear gains and profits is due in general tithes are to be paid for every thing that yields an annual increase as corn hay fruit cattle poultry and the like but not for any thing that is of the substance of the earth or is not of annual increase as stone lime chalk and the like nor for creatures that are of a wild nature or ferae naturae as deer hawks c whose increase so as to profit the owner is not annual but casual 66 24 history edit we cannot precisely ascertain the time when tithes were first introduced into this country possibly they were contemporary with the planting of christianity among the saxons by augustin the monk about the end of the fifth century but the first mention of them which i have met with in any written english law is in a constitutional decree made in a synod held a d 786 wherein the payment of tithes in general is strongly enjoined this canon or decree which at first bound not the laity was effectually confirmed by two kingdoms of the heptarchy in their parliamentary conventions of estates respectively consisting of the kings of mercia and northumberland the bishops dukes senators and people which was a few years later than the time that charlemagne established the payment of them in france and made that famous division of them into four parts one to maintain the edifice of the church the second to support the poor the third the bishop and the fourth the parochial clergy 66 25 beneficiaries edit and upon their first introduction as hath formerly been observed though every man was obliged to pay tithes in general yet he might give them to what priests he pleased which were called arbitrary consecrations of tithes or he might pay them into the hands of the bishop who distributed among his diocesan clergy the revenues of the church which were then in common but when dioceses were divided into parishes the tithes of each parish were allotted to its own particular minister first by common consent or the appointment of lords of manors and afterwards by the written law of the land 66 26 it is now universally held that tithes are due of common right to the parson of the parish unless there be a special exemption this parson of the parish we have formerly seen may be either the actual incumbent or else the appropriator of the benefice appropriations being a method of endowing monasteries which seems to have been devised by the regular clergy by way of substitution to arbitrary consecrations of tithes 66 28 exemptions edit we observed that tithes are due to the parson of common right unless by special exemption let us therefore see thirdly who may be exempted from the payment of tithes either in part or totally first by a real composition or secondly by custom or prescription first a real composition is when an agreement is made between the owner of the lands and the parson or vicar with the consent of the ordinary and the patron that such lands shall for the future be discharged from payment of tithes by reason of some land or other real recompence given to the parson in lieu and satisfaction thereof secondly a discharge by custom or prescription is where time out of mind such persons or such lands have been either partially or totally discharged from the payment of tithes and this immemorial usage is binding upon all parties as it is in its nature an evidence of universal consent and acquiescence and with reason supposes a real composition to have been formerly made this custom or prescription is either de modo decimandi or de non decimando a modus decimandi commonly called by the simple name of a modus only is where there is by custom a particular manner of tithing allowed different from the general law of taking tithes in kind which are the actual tenth part of the annual increase this is sometimes a pecuniary compensation as twopence an acre for the tithe of land sometimes it is a compensation in work and labour as that the parson shall have only the twelfth cock of hay and not the tenth in consideration of the owner s making it for him sometimes in lieu of a large quantity of crude or imperfect tithe the parson shall have a less quantity when arrived to greater maturity as a couple of fowls in lieu of tithe eggs and the like any means in short whereby the general law of tithing is altered and a new method of taking them is introduced is called a modus decimandi or special manner of tithing 66 28 29 a prescription de non decimando is a claim to be entirely discharged of tithes and to pay no compensation in lieu of them thus the king by his prerogative is discharged from all tithes so a vicar shall pay no tithes to the rector nor the rector to the vicar for ecclesia decimas non folvit ecclesiae but these personal to both the king and the clergy for their tenant or lessee shall pay tithes of the same land though in their own occupation it is not tithable and generally speaking it is an established rule that in lay hands modus de non decimando non valet but spiritual persons or corporations as monasteries abbots bishops and the like were always capable of having their lands totally discharged of tithes by various ways as by real composition by the pope s bull of exemption by unity of possession as when the rectory of a parish and lands in the same parish both belonged to a religious house those lands were discharged of tithes by this unity of possession by prescription having never been liable to tithes by being always in spiritual hands by virtue of their order as the knights templars cistercians and others whose lands were privileged by the pope with a discharge of tithes though upon the dissolution of abbeys by henry viii most of these exemptions from tithes would have fallen with them and the lands become tithable again had they not been supported and upheld by the suppression of religious houses act 1539 31 hen 8 c 13 which enacted that all persons who should come to the possession of the lands of any abbey then dissolved should hold them free and discharged of tithes in as large and ample a manner as the abbeys themselves formerly held them and from this original have sprung all the lands which being in lay hands do at present claim to be tithe free for if a man can shew his lands to have been such abbey lands and also immemorially discharged of tithes by any of the means before mentioned this is now a good prescription de non decimando but he must shew both these requisites for abbey lands without a special ground of discharge are not discharged of course neither will any prescription de non decimando avail in total discharge of tithes unless it relates to such abbeylands 66 31 32 the tithe barn abbotsbury dorset scene of the sheep shearing in thomas hardy s far from the madding crowd tithe barn at bradford on avon west wiltshire interior of the medieval tithe barn at pilton somerset grange barn coggeshall essex the timber has been dated to between 1130 and 1270 islam edit main article zakāt zakāt arabic زكاة zækæːh or alms giving one of the five pillars of islam is the giving of a small percentage of one s assets to charity it serves principally as the welfare contribution to poor and deprived muslims although others may have a rightful share it is the duty of an islamic state not just to collect zakat but to distribute it fairly as well zakat is payable on three kinds of assets wealth production and animals the more well known zakat on wealth is 2 5 per cent of accumulated wealth beyond one s personal needs production agricultural industrial renting etc is subject to a 10 per cent or 5 per cent zakat also known as ushur عُشر or one tenth using the rule that if both labor and capital are involved 5 rate is applied if only one of the two are used for production then the rate is 10 per cent for any earnings that require neither labor nor capital like finding underground treasure the rate is 20 per cent the rules for zakat on animal holdings are specified by the type of animal group and tend to be fairly detailed 67 muslims fulfill this religious obligation by giving a fixed percentage of their surplus wealth zakat has been paired with such a high sense of righteousness that it is often placed on the same level of importance...
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