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ltural wastewater treatment and leachate treatment plants the term wastewater treatment is often used to mean sewage treatment 117 desalination edit this section is an excerpt from desalination edit desalination is the artificial process by which salt water generally sea water is converted to fresh water more generally desalination is the removal of salts and minerals from a substance 118 it is possible to desalinate saltwater especially sea water to produce water for human consumption or irrigation producing brine as a by product 119 virtual water trade edit this section is an excerpt from virtual water edit the virtual water trade is the hidden flow of water in food or other commodities that are traded from one place to another 120 other terms for it are embedded or embodied water the virtual water trade is the idea that virtual water is exchanged along with goods and services this idea provides a new amplified perspective on water problems it balances different perspectives basic conditions and interests this concept makes it possible to distinguish between global regional and local levels and their linkages however the use of virtual water estimates may offer no guidance for policymakers seeking to ensure they are meeting environmental objectives for example cereal grains have been major carriers of virtual water in countries where water resources are scarce so cereal imports can compensate for local water deficits 121 however low income countries may not be able to afford such imports in the future this could lead to food insecurity and starvation regional examples edit overview of regions edit level of water stress by major river basin 2018 2021 following russia s annexation of crimea ukraine blocked the north crimean canal which provided 85 of crimea s fresh water 122 the consultative group on international agricultural research cgiar published a map showing the countries and regions suffering most water stress 123 they are north africa the middle east 124 india central asia china chile colombia south africa canada and australia water scarcity is also increasing in south asia 125 as of 2016 about four billion people or two thirds of the world s population were facing severe water scarcity 126 the more developed countries of north america europe and russia will not see a serious threat to water supply by 2025 in general this is not only because of their relative wealth their populations will also be more in line with available water resources citation needed north africa the middle east south africa and northern china will face very severe water shortages this is due to physical scarcity and too many people for the water that is available citation needed most of south america sub saharan africa southern china and india will face water supply shortages by 2025 for these regions water scarcity will be due to economic constraints on developing safe drinking water and excessive population growth citation needed africa edit cape town water crisis warning estimate for 2025 25 african countries are expected to suffer from water shortage or water stress 127 this section is an excerpt from water scarcity in africa edit the main causes of water scarcity in africa are physical and economic water scarcity rapid population growth and the effects of climate change on the water cycle water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand 128 the rainfall in sub saharan africa is highly seasonal and unevenly distributed leading to frequent floods and droughts 129 the food and agriculture organization of the united nations reported in 2012 that growing water scarcity is now one of the leading challenges for sustainable development 130 this is because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity the reasons for this are the combined demands of agriculture and other sectors water scarcity in africa has several impacts they range from health particularly affecting women and children to education agricultural productivity and sustainable development it can also lead to more water conflicts west africa and north africa edit water scarcity in yemen see water supply and sanitation in yemen is a growing problem population growth and climate change are among the causes others are poor water management shifts in rainfall water infrastructure deterioration poor governance and other anthropogenic effects as of 2011 water scarcity is having political economic and social impacts in yemen as of 2015 131 yemen is one of the countries suffering most from water scarcity most people in yemen experience water scarcity for at least one month a year in nigeria some reports have suggested that increase in extreme heat drought and the shrinking of lake chad is causing water shortage and environmental migration this is forcing thousands to migrate to neighboring chad and towns 132 asia edit a major report in 2019 by more than 200 researchers found that the himalayan glaciers could lose 66 percent of their ice by 2100 133 these glaciers are the sources of asia s biggest rivers ganges indus brahmaputra yangtze mekong salween and yellow approximately 2 4 billion people live in the drainage basin of the himalayan rivers 134 india china pakistan bangladesh nepal and myanmar could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades in india alone the ganges provides water for drinking and farming for more than 500 million people 135 136 137 even with the overpumping of its aquifers china is developing a grain deficit when this happens it will almost certainly drive grain prices upward most of the 3 billion people projected to be added worldwide by mid century will be born in countries already experiencing water shortages unless population growth can be slowed quickly it is feared that there may not be a practical non violent or humane solution to the emerging world water shortage 138 139 it is highly likely that climate change in turkey will cause its southern river basins to be water scarce before 2070 and increasing drought in turkey 140 america edit see also water scarcity in the united states folsom lake reservoir during the drought in california in 2015 141 in the rio grande valley intensive agribusiness has made water scarcity worse it has sparked jurisdictional disputes regarding water rights on both sides of the mexico united states border scholars such as mexico s armand peschard sverdrup have argued that this tension has created the need for new strategic transnational water management 142 some have likened the disputes to a war over diminishing natural resources 143 144 the west coast of north america which gets much of its water from glaciers in mountain ranges such as the rocky mountains and sierra nevada is also vulnerable 145 146 australia edit by far the largest part of australia is desert or semi arid lands commonly known as the outback 147 water restrictions are in place in many regions and cities of australia in response to chronic shortages resulting from drought environmentalist tim flannery predicted that perth in western australia could become the world s first ghost metropolis this would mean it was an abandoned city with no more water to sustain its population said flannery who was australian of the year 2007 148 in 2010 perth suffered its second driest winter on record 149 and the water corporation tightened water restrictions for spring 150 some countries have already proven that decoupling water use from economic growth is possible for example in australia water consumption declined by 40 between 2001 and 2009 while the economy grew by more than 30 99 by country edit water scarcity or water crisis in particular countries v t e water scarcity by country australia egypt india iran israel jordan kenya lebanon mexico nigeria pakistan saudi arabia taiwan tajikistan turkey united arab emirates united states yemen v t e water crisis by country democratic republic of the congo honduras iran lebanon south sudan v t e water supply and sanitation by country by region european union latin america sub saharan africa responsibilities in latin america and the caribbean africa algeria angola botswana benin burkina faso burundi cameroon democratic republic of the congo egypt eswatini ethiopia ghana ivory coast kenya lesotho liberia libya malawi mali morocco mozambique namibia nigeria rwanda senegal sierra leone south africa south sudan sudan tanzania tunisia uganda zambia zimbabwe asia afghanistan azerbaijan bangladesh cambodia china hong kong macau georgia india indonesia israel iran iraq japan jordan kazakhstan kuwait kyrgyzstan laos lebanon malaysia mongolia oman pakistan palestine philippines russia saudi arabia singapore south korea sri lanka syria taiwan thailand united arab emirates vietnam yemen australasia australia east timor new zealand papua new guinea europe albania armenia austria belgium bosnia and herzegovina bulgaria croatia czech republic denmark estonia finland france germany greece hungary iceland italy latvia lithuania netherlands north macedonia norway serbia poland portugal republic of ireland romania russia slovakia slovenia spain sweden switzerland turkey ukraine united kingdom england and wales northern ireland scotland north america belize canada costa rica cuba dominican republic el salvador guatemala haiti honduras jamaica mexico nicaragua panama united states south america argentina bolivia brazil chile colombia ecuador guyana paraguay peru trinidad and tobago uruguay venezuela society and culture edit global goals edit freshwater withdrawals as a share of internal resources in 2014 water stress is defined by the following categories 10 is low stress 10 20 is low to medium 20 40 medium to high 40 80 high 80 extremely high 31 main article sustainable development goal 6 sustainable development goal 6 aims for clean water and sanitation for all 151 it is one of 17 sustainable development goals established by the united nations general assembly in 2015 the fourth target of sdg 6 refers to water scarcity it states by 2030 substantially increase water use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity 10 see also edit peak water concept on the quality and availability of freshwater resources water conservation policies for sustainable development of water use water footprint extent of water use in relation to consumption by people water issues in developing countries water issues and problems in developing countries are diverse and serious water security goal of water management to harness water related opportunities and manage risks all pages with titles containing water crisis references edit 1 2 3 kummu m guillaume j h a de moel h eisner s flörke m porkka m siebert s veldkamp t i e ward p j 2016 the world s road to water scarcity shortage and stress in the 20th century and pathways towards sustainability scientific reports 6 1 38495 bibcode 2016natsr 638495k doi 10 1038 srep38495 issn 2045 2322 pmc 5146931 pmid 27934888 1 2 3 caretta m a a mukherji m arfanuzzaman r a betts a gelfan y hirabayashi t k lissner j liu e lopez gunn r morgan s mwanga and s supratid 2022 chapter 4 water in climate change 2022 impacts adaptation and vulnerability contribution of working group ii to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change h o pörtner d c roberts m tignor e s poloczanska k mintenbeck a alegría m craig s langsdorf s löschke v möller a okem b rama eds cambridge university press cambridge uk and new york ny usa pp 551 712 doi 10 1017 9781009325844 006 1 2 3 4 5 rijsberman frank r 2006 water scarcity fact or fiction agricultural water management 80 1 3 5 22 bibcode 2006agwm 80 5r doi 10 1016 j agwat 2005 07 001 1 2 3 4 5 6 iwmi 2007 water for food water for life a comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture london earthscan and colombo international water management institute 1 2 3 4 mekonnen mesfin m hoekstra arjen y 2016 four billion people facing severe water scarcity science advances 2 2 e1500323 bibcode 2016scia 2e0323m doi 10 1126 sciadv 1500323 issn 2375 2548 pmc 4758739 pmid 26933676 vorosmarty c j 14 july 2000 global water resources vulnerability from climate change and population growth science 289 5477 284 288 bibcode 2000sci 289 284v doi 10 1126 science 289 5477 284 pmid 10894773 s2cid 37062764 ercin a ertug hoekstra arjen y 2014 water footprint scenarios for 2050 a global analysis environment international 64 71 82 bibcode 2014enint 64 71e doi 10 1016 j envint 2013 11 019 pmid 24374780 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 liu junguo yang hong gosling simon n kummu matti flörke martina pfister stephan hanasaki naota wada yoshihide zhang xinxin zheng chunmiao alcamo joseph 2017 water scarcity assessments in the past present and future review on water scarcity assessment earth s future 5 6 545 559 doi 10 1002 2016ef000518 pmc 6204262 pmid 30377623 1 2 3 water scarcity threats wwf 2013 archived from the original on 21 october 2013 retrieved 20 october 2013 1 2 3 united nations 2017 resolution adopted by the general assembly on 6 july 2017 work of the statistical commission pertaining to the 2030 agenda for sustainable development a res 71 313 1 2 3 how do we prevent today s water crisis becoming tomorrow s catastrophe world economic forum 23 march 2017 archived from the original on 30 december 2017 retrieved 30 december 2017 wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions european investment bank retrieved 29 august 2022 international decade for action water for life 2005 2015 focus areas water scarcity www un org retrieved 29 august 2022 the state of the world s land and water resources for food and agriculture pdf 1 2 3 4 5 the ceo water mandate 2014 driving harmonization of water related terminology discussion paper september 2014 alliance for water stewardship ceres cdp formerly the carbon disclosure project the nature conservancy pacific institute water footprint network world resources institute and wwf world food and agriculture statistical yearbook 2023 fao food and agriculture organization of the united nations 2023 doi 10 4060 cc8166en isbn 978 92 5 138262 2 retrieved 19 january 2024 via faodocuments 1 2 3 4 5 coping with water scarcity an action framework for agriculture and food stress pdf food and agriculture organization of the united nations 2012 archived pdf from the original on 4 march 2018 retrieved 31 december 2017 madani kaveh 20 january 2026 global water bankruptcy living beyond our hydrological means in the post crisis era pdf united nations university ontario canada unu institute for water environment and health doi 10 53328 inr26kam001 isbn 978 92 808 6138 9 retrieved 22 january 2026 cite web cs1 maint periodical has isbn link world enters era of global water bankruptcy un news news un org 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