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s engraved in the rock at junagadh but also asked governor tusherpha to cut canals from the lake where an earlier indian governor had built a dam between the decline of mauryan power and saurashtra coming under the sway of the samprati mauryas of ujjain there was an indo greek defeat in gujarat of demetrius in 16th century manuscripts there is an apocryphal story of a merchant of king gondophares landing in gujarat with apostle thomas the incident of the cup bearer torn apart by a lion might indicate that the port city described is in gujarat 35 36 for nearly 300 years from the start of the 1st century ce saka rulers played a prominent part in gujarat s history the weather beaten rock at junagadh gives a glimpse of the ruler rudradaman i 100 ce of the saka satraps known as western satraps or kshatraps mahakshatrap rudradaman i founded the kardamaka dynasty which ruled from anupa on the banks of the narmada up to the aparanta region bordering punjab in gujarat several battles were fought between the indian dynasties such as the satavahana dynasty and the western satraps the greatest and the mightiest ruler of the satavahana dynasty was gautamiputra satakarni who defeated the western satraps and conquered some parts of gujarat in the 2nd century ce 37 the kshatrapa dynasty was replaced by the gupta empire with the conquest of gujarat by chandragupta vikramaditya vikramaditya s successor skandagupta left an inscription 450 ce on a rock at junagadh which gives details of the governor s repairs to the embankment surrounding sudarshan lake after it was damaged by floods the anarta and saurashtra regions were both parts of the gupta empire towards the middle of the 5th century the gupta empire went into decline senapati bhatarka the general of the guptas took advantage of the situation and in 470 set up the kingdom of valabhi he shifted his capital from giringer to valabhi near bhavnagar on saurashtra s east coast the maitrakas of vallabhi became very powerful with their rule prevailing over large parts of gujarat and adjoining malwa a university was set up by the maitrakas which came to be known far and wide for its scholastic pursuits and was compared with the noted nalanda university it was during the rule of dhruvasena maitrak that chinese philosopher traveler xuanzang i tsing visited in 640 along the silk road 38 gujarat was known to the ancient greeks and was familiar with other western centres of civilisation through the end of the european middle ages the oldest written record of gujarat s 2 000 year maritime history is documented in a greek book titled the periplus of the erythraean sea travel and trade in the indian ocean by a merchant of the first century 39 40 medieval history sun temple of modhera with stepwell surrounding the kunda tank was built by bhima i king of gujarat in 1026 it is one of the finest examples of stepwell architecture of gujarat in the early 8th century the arabs of the umayyad caliphate established an empire in the name of the rising religion of islam which stretched from spain in the west to afghanistan and modern day pakistan in the east al junaid the successor of qasim finally subdued the hindu resistance within sindh and established a secure base the arab rulers tried to expand their empire southeast which culminated in the caliphate campaigns in india fought in 730 they were defeated and expelled west of the indus river probably by a coalition of the indian rulers nagabhata i of the gurjara pratihara dynasty vikramaditya ii of the chalukya dynasty and bappa rawal of the guhila dynasty after this victory the arab invaders were driven out of gujarat general pulakeshin a chalukya prince of lata received the title avanijanashraya refuge of the people of the earth and honorific of repeller of the unrepellable by the chalukya emperor vikramaditya ii for his victory at the battle at navsari where the arab troops suffered a crushing defeat 41 in the late 8th century the kannauj triangle period started the three major indian dynasties the northwestern indian gurjara pratihara dynasty the southern indian rashtrakuta dynasty and the eastern indian pala empire dominated india from the 8th to 10th centuries during this period the northern part of gujarat was ruled by the northern indian gurjara pratihara dynasty and the southern part of gujarat was ruled by the southern indian rashtrakuta dynasty 42 however the earliest epigraphical records of the gurjars of broach attest that the royal bloodline of the gurjara pratihara dynasty of dadda i ii and iii 650 750 ruled south gujarat 43 southern gujarat was ruled by the indian rashtrakuta dynasty until it was captured by the indian ruler tailapa ii of the western chalukya empire 44 zoroastrians from greater iran migrated to the western borders of india gujarat and sindh during the 8th or 10th century 45 to avoid persecution by muslim invaders who were in the process of conquering iran the descendants of those zoroastrian refugees came to be known as the parsi 46 47 48 49 subsequently lāṭa in southern gujarat was ruled by the rashtrakuta dynasty until it was captured by the western chalukya ruler tailapa ii 44 50 the chaulukya dynasty 51 ruled the kingdom of gujarat from 960 to 1243 gujarat was a major center of indian ocean trade and their capital at anhilwara patan was one of the largest cities in india with a population estimated at 100 000 in the year 1000 under the rule of subhatvarman 1194 1209 ce a parmara ruler in central india jainism faced hardships as a result of the ruler s animosity towards the religion 52 subhatavarman attacked gujarat and plundered large number of jain temples in dabhoi and cambay in 11th century 53 subhatavarman during his campaigns in lata destroyed numerous jain temples 52 after 1243 the solankis lost control of gujarat to their feudatories of whom the vaghela chiefs of dholka came to rule the kingdom of gujarat in 1292 the vaghelas became tributaries of the yadava dynasty of devagiri in the deccan karandev of the vaghela dynasty was the last hindu ruler of gujarat he was defeated and overthrown by the superior forces of alauddin khalji from delhi in 1297 with his defeat gujarat became part of the delhi sultanate and the rajput hold over gujarat would never be restored fragments of printed cotton from gujarat have been discovered in egypt providing evidence for medieval trade in the western indian ocean these fragments represent the indian cotton traded in egypt during the fatimid ayyubid and mamluk periods from the 10th to 16th centuries similar cotton was also traded as far east as indonesia 54 muslim rule muhammad ibn qasim s conquest of sindh 711 715 ce desert areas registan desert and thar desert zunbils kingdom of sindh c 632 712 ce kingdom of valabhi c 475 c 776 ce islamic conquests 1197 1614 the mughal emperor akbar triumphantly enters surat after the ghoris had assumed a position of muslim supremacy over north india qutbuddin aibak attempted to conquer gujarat and annexe it to his empire in 1197 but failed in his ambitions 55 an independent muslim community continued to flourish in gujarat for the next hundred years championed by arab merchants settling along the western coast from 1297 to 1300 alauddin khalji the turko afghan sultan of delhi destroyed the hindu metropolis of anhilwara and incorporated gujarat into the delhi sultanate after timur sacked delhi at the end of the 14th century weakening the sultanate gujarat s muslim khatri governor zafar khan muzaffar muzaffar shah i asserted his independence and his son sultan ahmed shah ruled 1411 1442 established ahmedabad as the capital khambhat eclipsed bharuch as gujarat s most important trade port gujarat s relations with egypt which was then the premier arab power in the middle east remained friendly over the next century and the egyptian scholar badruddin ad damamimi spent several years in gujarat in the shade of the sultan before proceeding to the bahmani sultanate on the deccan plateau 56 57 shah e alam a famous sufi saint of the chishti order who was the descendant of makhdoom jahaniyan jahangasht from bukhara soon arrived in a group that included arab theologian ibn suwaid several sayyid sufi members of the aydarus family of tarim in yemen 58 iberian court interpreter ali al andalusi from granada 59 and the arab jurist bahraq from hadramaut who was appointed a tutor of the prince 60 among the illustrious names who arrived during the reign of mahmud begada was the philosopher haibatullah shah mir from shiraz and the scholar intellectual abu fazl ghazaruni from persia 61 62 who tutored and adopted abu l fazl ibn mubarak author of the akbarnama 63 later a close alliance between the ottoman turks and gujarati sultans to effectively safeguard jeddah and the red sea trade from portuguese imperialism encouraged the existence of powerful rumi elites within the kingdom who took the post of viziers in gujarat keen to maintain ties with the ottoman state 64 65 66 67 68 humayun also briefly occupied the province in 1536 but fled due to the threat bahadur shah the gujarat king imposed 69 the sultanate of gujarat remained independent until 1572 when the mughal emperor akbar conquered it and annexed it to the mughal empire 70 the surat port the only indian port facing west then became the principal port of india during mughal rule gaining widespread international repute the city of surat famous for its exports of silk and diamonds had reached a par with contemporary venice and beijing great mercantile cities of europe and asia 71 and earned the distinguished title bab al makkah gate of mecca 16 17 drawn by the religious renaissance taking place under akbar mohammed ghaus moved to gujarat and established spiritual centers for the shattari sufi order from iran founding the ek toda mosque and producing such devotees as wajihuddin alvi of ahmedabad whose many successors moved to bijapur during the height of the adil shahi dynasty 72 at the same time zoroastrian high priest azar kayvan who was a native of fars immigrated to gujarat founding the zoroastrian school of illuminationists which attracted key shi ite muslim admirers of the safavid philosophical revival from isfahan early 14th century maghrebi adventurer ibn battuta who famously visited india with his entourage recalls in his memoirs about cambay one of the great emporia of the indian ocean that indeed cambay is one of the most beautiful cities as regards the artistic architecture of its houses and the construction of its mosques the reason is that the majority of its inhabitants are foreign merchants who continually build their beautiful houses and wonderful mosques an achievement in which they endeavor to surpass each other 16th century portuguese illustration from the códice casanatense depicting inhabitants of gujarat many of these foreign merchants were transient visitors men of south arabian and persian gulf ports who migrated in and out of cambay with the rhythm of the monsoons but others were men with arab or persian patronyms whose families had settled in the town generations even centuries earlier intermarrying with gujarati women and assimilating everyday customs of the hindu hinterland 73 the age of discovery heralded the dawn of pioneer portuguese and spanish long distance travel in search of alternative trade routes to the east indies moved by the trade of gold silver and spices in 1497 portuguese explorer vasco da gama is said to have discovered the europe to india sea route which changed the course of history thanks to kutchi sailor kanji malam who showed him the route from the east african coasts of mozambique sailing onwards to calicut off the malabar coast in india 74 75 76 later the gujarat sultanate allied with the ottomans and egyptian mamluks naval fleets led by governor generals malik ayyaz and amir husain al kurdi vanquished the portuguese in the 1508 battle of chaul resulting in the first portuguese defeat at sea in the indian ocean 77 to 16th century european observers gujarat was a fabulously wealthy country the customs revenue of gujarat alone in the early 1570s was nearly three times the total revenue of the whole portuguese empire in asia in 1586 87 when it was at its height 78 indeed when the british arrived on the coast of gujarat houses in surat already had windows of venetian glass imported from constantinople through the ottoman empire 79 in 1514 the portuguese explorer duarte barbosa described the cosmopolitan atmosphere of rander known otherwise as city of mosques in surat province which gained the fame and reputation of illustrious islamic scholars sufi saints merchants and intellectuals from all over the world 80 ranel rander is a good town of the moors built of very pretty houses and squares it is a rich and agreeable place the moors of the town trade with malacca bengal tawasery tannasserim pegu martaban and sumatra in all sort of spices drugs silks musk benzoin and porcelain they possess very large and fine ships and those who wish chinese articles will find them there very completely the moors of this place are white and well dressed and very rich they have pretty wives and in the furniture of these houses have china vases of many kinds kept in glass cupboards well arranged their women are not secluded like other moors but go about the city in the day time attending to their business with their faces uncovered as in other parts the conquest of the kingdom of gujarat marked a significant event of akbar s reign being the major trade gateway and departure harbour of pilgrim ships to mecca it gave the mughal empire free access to the arabian sea and control over the rich commerce that passed through its ports the territory and income of the empire were vastly increased 81 the sultanate of gujarat and the merchants a zoroastrian agiary in udvada gujarat for the best part of two centuries the independent khatri sultanate of gujarat was the cynosure of its neighbours on account of its wealth and prosperity which had long made the gujarati merchant a familiar figure in the ports of the indian ocean 56 82 gujaratis including hindus and muslims as well as the enterprising parsi class of zoroastrians had been specialising in the organisation of overseas trade for many centuries and had moved into various branches of commerce such as commodity trade brokerage money changing money lending and banking 83 by the 17th century chavuse and baghdadi jews had assimilated into the social world of the surat province later on their descendants would give rise to the sassoons of bombay and the ezras of calcutta and other influential indian jewish figures who went on to play a philanthropical role in the commercial development of 19th century british crown colony of shanghai 84 spearheaded by khoja bohra bhatiya shahbandars and moorish nakhudas who dominated sea navigation and shipping gujarat s transactions with the outside world had created the legacy of an international transoceanic e...
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