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Text of the page (random words):
nd in one other instance for the name of the gurmukhi letter ਯ yayyā ਯੱਯਾ this never occurs with ɳ and ɽ and is rare before ʋ ɾ ɦ bindī ṭippī or nūn ġunna before a consonant often causes it to be pre nasalised except where there is a true nasal vowel references citations a b singh sikander april 2019 the origin theories of punjabi language a context of historiography of punjabi language international journal of sikh studies a b haldar gopal 2000 languages of india new delhi national book trust india p 149 isbn 9788123729367 the age of old punjabi up to 1600 a d it is said that evidence of old punjabi can be found in the granth sahib a b c bhatia tej k 2013 punjabi a cognitive descriptive grammar reprint ed london routledge p xxv isbn 9781136894602 as an independent language punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development old punjabi 10th to 16th century medieval punjabi 16th to 19th century and modern punjabi 19th century to present a b christopher shackle arvind mandair 2013 0 2 1 form teachings of the sikh gurus selections from the scriptures first ed abingdon oxon routledge isbn 9781136451089 surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from sanskrit and persian guru nanak combined this poetic language of the sants with his native old punjabi it is this mixture of old punjabi and old hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier gurus a b frawley william 2003 international encyclopedia of linguistics 2nd ed oxford oxford university press p 423 isbn 9780195139778 a b austin peter 2008 one thousand languages living endangered and lost berkeley university of california press p 115 isbn 9780520255609 a b braj b kachru yamuna kachru s n sridhar 2008 language in south asia cambridge university press p 411 isbn 9781139465502 nclm 52nd report pdf nclm 15 november 2016 archived from the original pdf on 15 november 2016 retrieved 13 january 2020 punjab mandates all signage in punjabi in gurmukhi script the hindu 21 february 2020 archived from the original on 22 february 2020 retrieved 9 september 2020 all milestones signboards in haryana to bear info in english hindi and punjabi education minister the indian express 3 march 2020 archived from the original on 14 march 2020 retrieved 9 september 2020 punjabi urdu made official languages in delhi the times of india 25 june 2003 archived from the original on 14 march 2021 retrieved 10 september 2020 a b multi lingual bengal the telegraph 11 december 2012 archived from the original on 25 march 2018 retrieved 25 march 2018 india tribune 19 august 2020 punjabi matric exam on aug 26 the tribune archived from the original on 19 august 2020 retrieved 18 september 2020 laurie bauer 2007 the linguistics student s handbook edinburgh mangat rai bhardwaj 2016 panjabi a comprehensive grammar abingdon on thames routledge p 88 isbn 978 1 138 79385 9 lccn 2015042069 oclc 948602857 ol 35828315m wikidata q23831241 the world factbook world cia archived from the original on 26 january 2021 retrieved 20 october 2023 canfield robert l 1991 persia in historical perspective cambridge united kingdom cambridge university press p 1 origins isbn 978 0 521 52291 5 sir yule henry 13 august 2018 hobson jobson a glossary of colloquial anglo indian words and phrases and of kindred terms etymological historical geographical and discursive dsalsrv02 uchicago edu archived from the original on 1 december 2018 retrieved 10 july 2018 cite web cs1 maint multiple names authors list link macdonell arthur anthony 13 august 2018 a practical sanskrit dictionary with transliteration accentuation and etymological analysis throughout archived from the original on 1 december 2018 retrieved 10 july 2018 singha h s 2000 the encyclopedia of sikhism over 1000 entries hemkunt press p 166 isbn 978 81 7010 301 1 archived from the original on 21 january 2017 g s sidhu 2004 panjab and panjabi a b hoiberg dale 2000 students britannica india popular prakashan isbn 978 0 85229 760 5 archived from the original on 2 april 2023 retrieved 25 october 2020 murphy anne 29 november 2020 13 the territorialisation of sikh pasts in jacobsen knut a ed routledge handbook of south asian religions routledge pp 206 207 isbn 9780429622069 brard g s s 2007 east of indus my memories of old punjab hemkunt publishers p 81 isbn 9788170103608 archived from the original on 9 february 2018 retrieved 13 january 2017 mir f 2010 the social space of language vernacular culture in british colonial punjab university of california press p 35 isbn 9780520262690 archived from the original on 9 february 2018 retrieved 13 january 2017 schiffman h 2011 language policy and language conflict in afghanistan and its neighbors the changing politics of language choice brill p 314 isbn 9789004201453 archived from the original on 9 february 2018 retrieved 13 january 2017 schiffman harold 9 december 2011 language policy and language conflict in afghanistan and its neighbors the changing politics of language choice brill isbn 978 90 04 20145 3 archived from the original on 2 april 2023 retrieved 22 march 2021 menon a s kusuman k k 1990 a panorama of indian culture professor a sreedhara menon felicitation volume mittal publications p 87 isbn 9788170992141 archived from the original on 9 february 2018 retrieved 13 january 2017 population census organization archived from the original on 26 september 2009 retrieved 17 september 2009 cci defers approval of census results until elections dawn 21 march 2021 archived from the original on 20 june 2020 retrieved 10 march 2021 the figure of 80 54 million is calculated from the reported 38 78 for the speakers of punjabi and the 207 685 million total population of pakistan a b punjabi is 4th most spoken language in canada the times of india 14 february 2008 archived from the original on 14 november 2016 statement 1 abstract of speakers strength of languages and mother tongues 2011 pdf archived pdf from the original on 1 february 2022 retrieved 21 march 2021 growth of scheduled languages 1971 1981 1991 and 2001 census of india ministry of home affairs government of india archived from the original on 20 february 2015 retrieved 22 february 2015 government of canada 9 february 2022 profile table census profile 2021 census of population canada country mother tongue statistics canada archived from the original on 20 june 2022 retrieved 11 september 2022 273 000 in england and wales and 23 000 in scotland 2011 census quick statistics for england and wales march 2011 archived from the original on 24 september 2015 retrieved 24 march 2021 table at_002_2011 language used at home other than english detailed scotland archived from the original on 5 march 2021 retrieved 24 march 2021 us survey puts punjabi speakers in us at 2 8 lakh the times of india 18 december 2017 archived from the original on 22 april 2021 retrieved 11 august 2020 punjabi speaking countries worlddata info retrieved 26 december 2025 language england and wales census 2021 office for national statistics shahzadi sehrish et al 2021 multilingualism and language shift in punjabi society a sociolinguistic study pakistan journal of humanities and social sciences 9 2 349 358 1 archived 14 august 2025 at the wayback machine https internationalrasd org journals index php pjhss article download 1637 1058 8469 archived 14 august 2025 at the wayback machine punjabi language the sikh encyclopedia 2 https www thesikhencyclopedia com punjabi language glottolog 4 8 greater panjabic glottolog org archived from the original on 13 july 2023 retrieved 13 july 2023 punjabi language at ethnologue 26th ed 2023 shackle 1979 p 198 zograph g a 2023 chapter 3 languages of south asia a guide reprint ed taylor francis p 52 isbn 9781000831597 lahnda lahnda lahndi or western panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of pakistan in the north they come into contact with the dardic languages with which they share some common features in the east they turn gradually into panjabi and in the south into sindhi in the south east there is a clearly defined boundary between lahnda and rajasthani and in the west a similarly well marked boundary between it and the iranian languages baluchi and pushtu the number of people speaking lahnda can only be guessed at it is probably in excess of 20 million shackle 2003 p 587 shackle 2003 p 588 karamat nayyara phonemic inventory of punjabi p 182 citeseerx 10 1 1 695 1248 a b used in conjunction with another consonant commonly ج or ی arlaam similar to arnoon has been added to unicode since unicode 13 0 0 which can be found in unicode archived 28 february 2020 at the wayback machine arabic extended a 08c7 pdf pg 73 under arabic letter for punjabi 08c7 arabic letter lam with small arabic letter tah above shackle 2003 p 589 masica 1991 p 97 arora k k arora s singla s r agrawal s s 2007 sampa for hindi and punjabi based on their acoustic and phonetic characteristics proceedings oriental cocosda 4 6 archived from the original on 26 march 2023 retrieved 11 october 2022 ladefoged peter maddieson ian 1996 the sounds of the world s languages oxford blackwell pp 190 191 isbn 978 0631198154 bhatia tej 1999 lexican anaphors and pronouns in punjabi in lust barbara gair james eds lexical anaphors and pronouns in selected south asian languages walter de gruyter p 637 isbn 978 3 11 014388 1 other tonal indo aryan languages include hindko dogri western pahari sylheti and some dardic languages a b c bailey t grahame 1919 english punjabi dictionary introduction singh sukhvindar tone rules and tone sandhi in punjabi a b c bowden a l 2012 punjabi tonemics and the gurmukhi script a preliminary study archived 17 april 2018 at the wayback machine major gurmukh singh shiv sharma joshi mukhtiar singh gill manmandar singh kuljit kapur suman preet eds 2018 punjabi university punjabi english dictionary ਛੇਵੀਂ ed patiala publication bureau punjabi university wikidata q113676548 punjabi university 2018 p 281 punjabi university 2018 p 194 punjabi university 2018 p 192 punjabi university 2018 p 369 a b punjabi university 2018 p 300 kanwal j ritchart a v 2015 an experimental investigation of tonogenesis in punjabi archived 18 april 2018 at the wayback machine proceedings of the 18th international of phonetic sciences 2015 lata swaran arora swati 2013 laryngeal tonal characteristics of punjabi an experimental study archived 18 april 2018 at the wayback machine baart j l g tonal features in languages of northern pakistan archived 28 july 2020 at the wayback machine masica 1991 p 149 gill harjeet singh and gleason jr henry a 1969 a reference grammar of panjabi patiala department of linguistics punjabi university wals online language panjabi wals info archived from the original on 12 december 2019 retrieved 4 december 2019 shackle 2003 599 shackle 2003 601 masica 1991 257 a b frawley william 2003 international encyclopedia of linguistics 4 volume set oxford university press p 423 isbn 978 0 19 513977 8 hindus and sikhs generally use the gurmukhi script but hindus have also begun to write punjabi in the devanagari script as employed for hindi muslims tend to write punjabi in the perso arabic script which is also employed for urdu muslim speakers borrow a large number of words from persian and arabic however the basic punjabi vocabulary is mainly composed of tadbhava words i e those descended from sanskrit bhatia tej k 1993 punjabi a conginitive descriptive grammar psychology press p xxxii isbn 978 0 415 00320 9 punjabi vocabulary is mainly composed of tadbhav words i e words derived from sanskrit bhatia 2008 p 128 bhardwaj 2016 pp 12 13 jain 2003 pp 53 57 8 zograph g a 2023 chapter 3 languages of south asia a guide reprint ed taylor francis p 52 isbn 9781000831597 devanagari itself is also used for panjabi if more rarely nayar 1966 pp 46 ff bhardwaj 2016 p 12 a b shackle 2003 p 594 punjabi 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