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it was mechanical and used ultrasound to change the channel and volume 22 21 when the user pushed a button on the remote control it struck a bar and clicked hence they were commonly called clickers and the mechanics were similar to a pluck 21 23 each of the four bars emitted a different fundamental frequency with ultrasonic harmonics and circuits in the television detected these sounds and interpreted them as channel up channel down sound on off and power on off 24 later the rapid decrease in price of transistors made possible cheaper electronic remotes that contained a piezoelectric crystal that was fed by an oscillating electric current at a frequency near or above the upper threshold of human hearing though still audible to dogs the receiver contained a microphone attached to a circuit that was tuned to the same frequency some problems with this method were that the receiver could be triggered accidentally by naturally occurring noises or deliberately by metal against glass for example and some people could hear the lower ultrasonic harmonics an rca universal remote in 1970 rca introduced an all electronic remote control that uses digital signals and metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor mosfet memory this was widely adopted for color television replacing motor driven tuning controls 25 the impetus for a more complex type of television remote control came in 1973 with the development of the ceefax teletext service by the bbc most commercial remote controls at that time had a limited number of functions sometimes as few as three next channel previous channel and volume off this type of control did not meet the needs of teletext sets where pages were identified with three digit numbers a remote control that selects teletext pages would need buttons for each numeral from zero to nine as well as other control functions such as switching from text to picture and the normal television controls of volume channel brightness color intensity etc early teletext sets used wired remote controls to select pages but the continuous use of the remote control required for teletext quickly indicated the need for a wireless device so bbc engineers began talks with one or two television manufacturers which led to early prototypes in around 1977 1978 that could control many more functions itt was one of the companies and later gave its name to the itt protocol of infrared communication 26 tv vhs and dvd remote controls in 1980 the most popular remote control was the starcom cable tv converter from jerrold electronics a division of general instrument 15 failed verification which used 40 khz sound to change channels then a canadian company viewstar inc was formed by engineer paul hrivnak and started producing a cable tv converter with an infrared remote control the product was sold through philips for approximately 190 cad the viewstar converter was an immediate success the millionth converter being sold on march 21 1985 with 1 6 million sold by 1989 27 28 other remote controls edit the blab off was a wired remote control created in 1952 that turned a tv s television sound on or off so that viewers could avoid hearing commercials 29 in the 1980s steve wozniak of apple started a company named cl 9 the purpose of this company was to create a remote control that could operate multiple electronic devices the core unit controller of remote equipment was introduced in the fall of 1987 the advantage to this remote controller was that it could learn remote signals from different devices learning remote controls later became widely used in universal remotes for managing multiple home entertainment devices from a single controller 30 it had the ability to perform specific or multiple functions at various times with its built in clock it was the first remote control that could be linked to a computer and loaded with updated software code as needed the core unit never made a huge impact on the market it was much too cumbersome for the average user to program but it received rave reviews from those who could citation needed these obstacles eventually led to the demise of cl 9 but two of its employees continued the business under the name celadon this was one of the first computer controlled learning remote controls on the market 31 in the 1990s cars were increasingly sold with electronic remote control door locks these remotes transmit a signal to the car which locks or unlocks the door locks or unlocks the trunk an aftermarket device sold in some countries is the remote starter this enables a car owner to remotely start their car this feature is most associated with countries with winter climates where users may wish to run the car for several minutes before they intend to use it so that the car heater and defrost systems can remove ice and snow from the windows proliferation edit used remote controls for sale in a market in hong kong by the early 2000s the number of consumer electronic devices in most homes greatly increased along with the number of remotes to control those devices according to the consumer electronics association an average us home has four remotes citation needed to operate a home theater as many as five or six remotes may be required including one for cable or satellite receiver vcr or digital video recorder dvr pvr dvd player tv and audio amplifier several of these remotes may need to be used sequentially for some programs or services to work properly however as there are no accepted interface guidelines the process is increasingly cumbersome one solution used to reduce the number of remotes that have to be used is the universal remote a remote control that is programmed with the operation codes for most major brands of tvs dvd players etc in the early 2010s many smartphone manufacturers began incorporating infrared emitters into their devices thereby enabling their use as universal remotes via an included or downloadable app 32 technique edit the main technology used in home remote controls is infrared ir light the signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light which is invisible to the human eye but can be seen through a digital camera video camera or phone camera the transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset a transmitter is often a light emitting diode led which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset the infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button the receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly 33 opto components and circuits edit the emission spectrum of a typical sound system remote control is in the near infrared the infrared diode modulates at a speed corresponding to a particular function when seen through a digital camera the diode appears to be emitting pulses of purple light most remote controls for electronic appliances use a near infrared diode to emit a beam of light that reaches the device a 940 nm wavelength led is typical 34 this infrared light is not visible to the human eye but picked up by sensors on the receiving device video cameras see the diode as if it produces visible purple light with a single channel single function one button remote control the presence of a carrier signal can be used to trigger a function for multi channel normal multi function remote controls more sophisticated procedures are necessary one consists of modulating the carrier with signals of different frequencies after the receiver demodulates the received signal it applies the appropriate frequency filters to separate the respective signals one can often hear the signals being modulated on the infrared carrier by operating a remote control in very close proximity to an am radio not tuned to a station today ir remote controls almost always use a pulse width modulated code encoded and decoded by a digital computer a command from a remote control consists of a short train of pulses of carrier present and carrier not present of varying widths citation needed consumer electronics infrared protocols edit different manufacturers of infrared remote controls use different protocols to transmit the infrared commands the rc 5 protocol that has its origins within philips uses for instance a total of 14 bits for each button press the bit pattern is modulated onto a carrier frequency that again can be different for different manufacturers and standards in the case of rc 5 the carrier is 36 khz other consumer infrared protocols include the various versions of sircs used by sony the rc 6 from philips the ruwido r step and the nec tc101 protocol infrared line of sight and operating angle edit since infrared ir remote controls use light they require line of sight to operate the destination device the signal can however be reflected by mirrors just like any other light source if operation is required where no line of sight is possible for instance when controlling equipment in another room or installed in a cabinet many brands of ir extenders are available for this on the market most of these have an ir receiver picking up the ir signal and relaying it via radio waves to the remote part which has an ir transmitter mimicking the original ir control infrared receivers also tend to have a more or less limited operating angle which mainly depends on the optical characteristics of the phototransistor however it is easy to increase the operating angle using a matte transparent object in front of the receiver radio remote control systems edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources radio remote control smart home remote control protocols news newspapers books scholar jstor july 2025 learn how and when to remove this message the exterior and interior layout of the remote control for a garage door opener radio remote control rf remote control is used to control distant objects using a variety of radio signals transmitted by the remote control device as a complementary method to infrared remote controls the radio remote control is used with electric garage door or gate openers automatic barrier systems burglar alarms and industrial automation systems standards used for rf remotes are bluetooth avrcp zigbee rf4ce z wave most remote controls use their own coding transmitting from 8 to 100 or more pulses fixed or rolling code using ook or fsk modulation also transmitters or receivers can be universal meaning they are able to work with many different codings in this case the transmitter is normally called a universal remote control duplicator because it is able to copy existing remote controls while the receiver is called a universal receiver because it works with almost any remote control in the market a radio remote control system commonly has two parts transmit and receive the transmitter part is divided into two parts the rf remote control and the transmitter module this allows the transmitter module to be used as a component in a larger application the transmitter module is small but users must have detailed knowledge to use it combined with the rf remote control it is much simpler to use the receiver is generally one of two types a super regenerative receiver or a superheterodyne the super regenerative receiver works like that of an intermittent oscillation detection circuit the superheterodyne works like the one in a radio receiver the superheterodyne receiver is used because of its stability high sensitivity and it has relatively good anti interference ability a small package and lower price usage edit industry edit a remote control is used for controlling substations pump storage power stations and hvdc plants for these systems often plc systems working in the longwave range are used power line remote control edit a subset of power line communication that sends remote control signals over energized ac power lines this was used to remotely control home automation before the invention of wifi connected smart switches garage and gate edit garage and gate remote controls also called clickers or openers are very common especially in some countries such as the us australia and the uk where garage doors gates and barriers are widely used such a remote is very simple by design usually only one button and some with more buttons to control several gates from one control such remotes can be divided into two categories by the encoder type used fixed code and rolling code if you find dip switches in the remote it is likely to be fixed code an older technology which was widely used however fixed codes have been criticized for their lack of security thus rolling code has been more and more widely used in later installations military edit the brennan torpedo one of the earliest guided missiles remotely operated torpedoes were demonstrated in the late 19th century in the form of several types of remotely controlled torpedoes the early 1870s saw remotely controlled torpedoes by john ericsson pneumatic john louis lay electric wire guided and victor von scheliha electric wire guided 35 the brennan torpedo invented by louis brennan in 1877 was powered by two contra rotating propellers that were spun by rapidly pulling out wires from drums wound inside the torpedo differential speed on the wires connected to the shore station allowed the torpedo to be guided to its target making it the world s first practical guided missile 36 in 1898 nikola tesla publicly demonstrated a wireless radio controlled torpedo that he hoped to sell to the u s navy 37 38 archibald low was known as the father of radio guidance systems for his pioneering work on guided rockets and planes during the first world war in 1917 he demonstrated a remote controlled aircraft to the royal flying corps and in the same year built the first wire guided rocket as head of the secret rfc experimental works at feltham a m low was the first person to use radio control successfully on an aircraft an aerial target it was piloted from the ground by future world aerial speed record holder henry segrave 39 low s systems encoded the command transmissions as a countermeasure to prevent enemy intervention 40 by 1918 the secret d c b section of the royal navy s signals school portsmouth under the command of eric robinson v c used a variant of the aerial target s radio control system to control from mother aircraft different types of naval vessels including a submarine 41 the military also developed several early remote control vehicles in world war i the imperial german navy employed fl boats fernlenkboote against coastal shipping these were driven by internal combustion engines and controlled remotely from a shore station through several miles of wire wound on a spool on the boat an aircraft was used to signal directions to the shore station embs c...
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