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ca war 1550 1590 war of independence 1810 1821 declaration of independence 1821 first empire and triumvirate 1821 1824 attempts to reconquer mexico 1821 1829 annexation of central america 1822 1823 casa mata plan 1822 1823 constitution of 1824 post independence 1824 1835 1835 1846 1846 1863 texas revolution 1835 1836 first french intervention 1838 1839 mexican american war 1846 1848 treaty of guadalupe hidalgo 1848 yucatán caste war 1847 1901 la reforma 1855 1863 reform war 1857 1861 second empire restored republic and porfiriato 1863 1910 second french intervention 1861 1867 battle of puebla 1862 garza revolution 1891 1893 first mexican census 1895 mexican revolution 1910 1920 border war 1910 1919 la decena trágica 1913 tampico affair 1914 american occupation of veracruz 1914 bandit war 1915 1919 pancho villa expedition 1916 1917 modern history 1920 present cristero war 1926 1929 maximato 1928 1934 petroleum nationalization 1938 world war ii 1942 1945 mexican miracle 1954 1970 mexico guatemala conflict 1958 1959 dirty war 1964 1982 movement of 1968 1985 mexico city earthquake mexican peso crisis 1994 1995 chiapas conflict 1994 2020 mexican drug war 2006 present coronavirus pandemic 2020 2022 timeline mexico portal v t e part of a series on the history of texas timeline pre columbian texas early spanish explorations 1519 1543 french texas 1684 1689 spanish texas 1690 1821 mexican texas 1821 1836 republic of texas 1836 1845 statehood 1845 1860 civil war era 1861 1865 reconstruction 1865 1899 years in texas texas portal v t e part of a series on revolution by characteristic bourgeois colour communist counter revolutionary democratic nonviolent passive permanent proletarian from above wave social methods boycott civil disorder civil war class struggle contentious politics coup d état demonstration human chain direct action guerrilla warfare insurgency mass mobilization mutiny protest rebellion resistance nonviolent civil disobedience riot samizdat strike action tax resistance terror examples english american brabant liège french haitian spanish american serbian greek 1820s 1830 july belgian texas 1848 italian states february german hungarian eureka bulgarian unification philippine iranian first second young turk mexican chinese xinhai communist cultural 1917 1923 russian german siamese spanish august guatemalan indonesian hungarian 1956 cuban rwandan nicaraguan carnation saur people power 1989 yogurt velvet romanian singing bolivarian bulldozer rose orange tulip kyrgyz arab spring tunisian egyptian yemeni euromaidan second arab spring sudanese gen z in asia bangladeshi nepali malagasy politics portal v t e the texas revolution october 2 1835 april 21 1836 was a rebellion by anglo american immigrants as well as hispanic texans known as texians and tejanos respectively against the centralist government of mexico in the mexican state of coahuila y tejas although the uprising was part of a larger revolt that included other provinces opposed to the regime of president miguel barragán and general antonio lópez de santa anna the mexican government believed the united states had instigated the texas insurrection with the goal of annexation the mexican congress passed the tornel decree declaring that any foreigners fighting against mexican troops will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such being citizens of no nation presently at war with the republic and fighting under no recognized flag only the province of texas succeeded in breaking with mexico establishing the republic of texas it was eventually annexed by the united states about a decade later the revolution began in october 1835 after a decade of political and cultural clashes between the mexican government and the large and growing population of anglo american settlers in texas the mexican government had become increasingly centralized stripping texas of its autonomy the rights of its citizens had become further curtailed in turn particularly regarding immigration from the united states and the holding of slaves as property mexico had officially abolished slavery in 1829 but had made an exemption for texas 1 however this exemption was not constitutionalized which made many slave owners in texas still feel unsatisfied 2 3 4 5 6 although slavery is not mentioned explicitly in the texas declaration of independence the ownership of a certain type of property was of great importance to many of the settlers 7 texians and tejanos disagreed on whether the ultimate goal was independence or a return to the mexican constitution of 1824 while delegates at the consultation provisional government debated the war s motives texians and a flood of volunteers from the united states defeated the small garrisons of mexican soldiers by mid december 1835 the consultation declined to declare independence and installed an interim government whose infighting led to political paralysis and a dearth of effective governance in texas an ill conceived proposal to invade matamoros siphoned much needed volunteers and provisions from the fledgling texian army in march 1836 a second political convention declared independence and appointed leadership for the new republic of texas determined to avenge mexico s honor santa anna vowed to personally retake texas his army of operations entered texas in mid february 1836 and found the texians completely unprepared mexican general josé de urrea led a contingent of troops on the goliad campaign up the texas coast defeating all texian troops in his path and executing most of those who surrendered santa anna led a larger force to san antonio de béxar or béxar where his troops defeated the texian garrison in the battle of the alamo killing almost all of the defenders a newly created texian army under the command of sam houston was constantly on the move while terrified civilians fled with the army in a melee known as the runaway scrape on march 31 houston paused his men at groce s landing on the brazos river and for the next two weeks the texians received rigorous military training becoming complacent and underestimating the strength of his foes santa anna further subdivided his troops on april 21 houston s army staged a surprise assault on santa anna and his vanguard force at the battle of san jacinto the mexican troops were quickly routed and vengeful texians executed many who tried to surrender santa anna was taken hostage in exchange for his life he ordered the mexican army to retreat south of the rio grande the texans forced santa anna to sign the treaty of velasco which gave texas its independence however mexico refused to recognize the republic of texas and intermittent conflicts between the two countries continued into the 1840s the annexation of texas as the 28th state of the united states in 1845 led directly to the mexican american war background edit main article mexican texas after a failed attempt by france to colonize texas in the late 17th century spain developed a plan to settle the region 8 on its southern edge along the medina and nueces rivers spanish texas was bordered by the province of coahuila 9 on the east texas bordered louisiana 10 following the louisiana purchase of 1803 the united states also claimed the land west of the sabine river all the way to the rio grande 11 from 1812 to 1813 anti spanish republicans and u s filibusters rebelled against the spanish empire in what is known today as the gutiérrez magee expedition during the mexican war of independence they won battles in the beginning and captured many texas cities from the spanish that led to a declaration of independence of the state of texas as part of the mexican republic on april 17 1813 the new texas government and army met their doom in the battle of medina in august 1813 20 miles south of san antonio where 1 300 of the 1 400 rebel army were killed in battle or executed shortly afterwards by royalist soldiers it was the deadliest single battle in texas history 300 republican government officials in san antonio were captured and executed by the spanish royalists shortly after the battle antonio lópez de santa anna future president of mexico fought in this battle as a royalist and followed his superiors orders to take no prisoners another interesting note is two founding fathers of the republic of texas and future signers of the texas declaration of independence in 1836 josé antonio navarro and josé francisco ruiz took part in the gutiérrez magee expedition 12 although the united states officially renounced that claim as part of the transcontinental treaty with spain in 1819 a many americans continued to believe that texas should belong to their nation 14 and over the next decade the united states made several offers to purchase the region 15 following the mexican war of independence texas became part of mexico under the constitution of 1824 which defined the country as a federal republic the provinces of texas and coahuila were combined to become the state coahuila y tejas b 16 17 texas was granted only a single seat in the state legislature which met in saltillo hundreds of miles away 18 19 after months of grumbling by tejanos mexican born residents of texas outraged at the loss of their political autonomy state officials agreed to make texas a department of the new state with a de facto capital in san antonio de béxar 18 texas was very sparsely settled with fewer than 3 500 non native residents and only about 200 soldiers 20 21 which made it extremely vulnerable to attacks by native tribes and american filibusters 22 in the hopes that an influx of settlers could control the indigenous resistance the bankrupt mexican government liberalized immigration policies for the region finally able to settle legally in texas anglos from the united states soon vastly outnumbered the tejanos c 23 24 most of the immigrants came from the southern united states and included slave owners most brought with them significant prejudices against other races attitudes often applied to the tejanos mexico s official religion was roman catholicism yet the majority of the immigrants were protestants who distrusted catholics 25 a map of mexico 1835 1846 showing administrative divisions the red areas show regions where separatist movements were active mexican authorities became increasingly concerned about the stability of the region 15 the colonies teetered at the brink of revolt in 1829 after mexico abolished slavery 26 in response president anastasio bustamante implemented the laws of april 6 1830 which among other things prohibited further immigration to texas from the united states increased taxes and reiterated the ban on slavery 27 settlers simply circumvented or ignored the laws by 1834 an estimated 30 000 anglos lived in coahuila y tejas 28 compared to only 7 800 mexican born residents 29 by the end of 1835 almost 5 000 enslaved africans and african americans lived in texas making up 13 percent of the non indian population 30 in 1832 antonio lópez de santa anna led a revolt to overthrow bustamante 31 32 texians or english speaking settlers also took up arms by mid august all mexican troops had been expelled from east texas 33 buoyed by their success texians held two political conventions to persuade mexican authorities to weaken the laws of april 6 1830 34 bustamante was replaced by the liberal federalist valentin gomez farias who would attempt to reach a compromise with the texans in november 1833 the mexican government attempted to address some of their concerns repealing some sections of the law and granting the colonists further concessions 35 including increased representation in the state legislature 36 stephen f austin who had brought the first american settlers to texas wrote to a friend that every evil complained of has been remedied 37 mexican authorities were quietly watchful concerned that the colonists were maneuvering towards secession 38 39 santa anna overthrew gomez farias in april 1834 and soon revealed himself to be a centralist inaugurating the centralist republic of mexico in 1835 the 1824 constitution was overturned state legislatures were dismissed militias disbanded 40 41 federalists throughout mexico were appalled citizens in the states of oaxaca and zacatecas took up arms 40 after santa anna s troops subdued the rebellion in zacatecas in may he gave his troops two days to pillage the city over 2 000 noncombatants were killed 42 the governor of coahuila y tejas agustín viesca refused to dissolve the legislature instead ordering that the session reconvene in béxar further from the influence of the mexican army 43 although prominent tejano juan seguín raised a militia company to assist the governor the béxar ayuntamiento city council ordered him not to interfere 44 and viesca was arrested before he reached texas 45 public opinion in texas was divided 46 editorials in the united states began advocating complete independence for texas 47 after several men staged a minor revolt against customs duties in anahuac in june 48 local leaders began calling for a public meeting to determine whether a majority of settlers favored independence a return to federalism or the status quo although some leaders worried that mexican officials would see this type of gathering as a step towards revolution by the end of august most communities had agreed to send delegates to the consultation scheduled for october 15 49 as early as april 1835 military commanders in texas began requesting reinforcements fearing the citizens would revolt 50 mexico was ill prepared for a large civil war 51 but continued unrest in texas posed a significant danger to the power of santa anna and of mexico if the people of coahuila also took up arms mexico faced losing a large portion of its territory without the northeastern province to act as a buffer it was likely that united states influence would spread and the mexican territories of nuevo mexico and alta california would be at risk of future american encroachment santa anna had no wish to tangle with the united states and he knew that the unrest needed to be subdued before the united states could be convinced to become involved 52 in early september santa anna ordered his brother in law general martín perfecto de cos to lead 500 soldiers to texas to quell any potential rebellion cos and his men landed at the port of copano on september 20 53 austin called on all municipalities to raise militias to defend themselves 54 texian offensive october december 1835 edit gonzales edit main article battle of gonzales a reproduction of the original come and take it flag which flew during the battle of gonzales in the early 1830s the army loaned the citizens of gonzales a small cannon for protection against indian raids 55 after a mexican soldier bludgeoned a gonzales resident on september 10 1835 tensions rose even further and mexican authorities felt it unwise to leave the settlers with a weapon 56 colonel domingo de ugartechea commander of all mexican 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