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cb3932, eb1041, next, letters, rcr42, rc42, rcr32, rc32, rcr20, rc20, rcr07, rc07, rcr05, rc05, 39008, 9m76, 976k, 97k6, 9k76, 976r, 97r6, 9r76, 9m53, 953k, 95k3, 9k53, 953r, 95r3, 9r53, 9m31, 931k, 93k1, 9k31, 931r, 93r1, 9r31, 9m09, 909k, 90k9, 9k09, 909r, 90r9, 9r09, 8m87, 887k, 88k7, 8k87, 887r, 88r7, 8r87, 8m66, 866k, 86k6, 8k66, 866r, 86r6, 8r66, 8m45, 845k, 84k5, 8k45, 845r, 84r5, 8r45, 8m25, 825k, 82k5, 8k25, 825r, 82r5, 8r25, 8m06, 806k, 80k6, 8k06, 806r, 80r6, 8r06, 7m87, 787k, 78k7, 7k87, 787r, 78r7, 7r87, 7m68, 768k, 76k8, 7k68, 768r, 76r8, 7r68, 7m50, 750k, 75k0, 7k50, 750r, 75r0, 7r50, 7m32, 732k, 73k2, 7k32, 732r, 73r2, 7r32, 7m15, 715k, 71k5, 7k15, 715r, 71r5, 7r15, 6m98, 698k, 69k8, 6k98, 698r, 69r8, 6r98, 6m81, 681k, 68k1, 6k81, 681r, 68r1, 6r81, 6m65, 665k, 66k5, 6k65, 665r, 66r5, 6r65, 6m49, 649k, 64k9, 6k49, 649r, 64r9, 6r49, 6m34, 634k, 63k4, 6k34, 634r, 63r4, 6r34, 6m19, 619k, 61k9, 6k19, 619r, 61r9, 6r19, 6m04, 604k, 60k4, 6k04, 604r, 60r4, 6r04, 5m90, 590k, 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drops across the lead resistances because no charge flows through voltage sensing leads it is important in small value resistors 100 0 0001 ohm where lead resistance is significant or even comparable with respect to resistance standard value 30 resistor marking main article electronic color code wheel based rma resistor color code guide circa 1945 1950 axial resistor cases are usually tan brown blue or green though other colors are occasionally found as well such as dark red or dark gray and display three to six colored stripes that indicate resistance and by extension tolerance and may include bands to indicate the temperature coefficient and reliability class in four striped resistors the first two stripes represent the first two digits of the resistance in ohms the third represents a multiplier and the fourth the tolerance which if absent denotes 20 for five and six striped resistors the third band is the third digit the fourth is the multiplier and the fifth is the tolerance a sixth stripe represents the temperature coefficient the power rating of the resistor is usually not marked and is deduced from its size surface mount resistors are marked numerically early 20th century resistors essentially uninsulated were dipped in paint to cover their entire body for color coding this base color represented the first digit a second color of paint was applied to one end of the element to represent a second digit and a color dot or band in the middle provided the third digit the rule was body tip dot providing two significant digits for value and the decimal multiplier in that sequence default tolerance was 20 closer tolerance resistors had silver 10 or gold colored 5 paint on the other end preferred values see also e series of preferred numbers early resistors were made in more or less arbitrary round numbers a series might have 100 125 150 200 300 etc 31 early power wirewound resistors such as brown vitreous enameled types were made with a system of preferred values like some of those mentioned here resistors as manufactured are subject to a certain percentage tolerance and it makes sense to manufacture values that correlate with the tolerance so that the actual value of a resistor overlaps slightly with its neighbors wider spacing leaves gaps narrower spacing increases manufacturing and inventory costs to provide resistors that are more or less interchangeable a logical scheme is to produce resistors in a range of values which increase in a geometric progression so that each value is greater than its predecessor by a fixed multiplier or percentage chosen to match the tolerance of the range for example for a tolerance of 20 it makes sense to have each resistor about 1 5 times its predecessor covering a decade in 6 values more precisely the factor used is 1 4678 10 1 6 displaystyle 10 1 6 giving values of 1 47 2 15 3 16 4 64 6 81 10 for the 1 10 decade a decade is a range increasing by a factor of 10 0 1 1 and 10 100 are other examples these are rounded in practice to 1 5 2 2 3 3 4 7 6 8 10 followed by 15 22 33 and preceded by 0 47 0 68 1 this scheme has been adopted as the e6 series of the iec 60063 preferred number values there are also e12 e24 e48 e96 and e192 series for components of progressively finer resolution with 12 24 48 96 and 192 different values within each decade the actual values used are in the iec 60063 lists of preferred numbers a resistor of 100 ohms 20 would be expected to have a value between 80 and 120 ohms its e6 neighbors are 68 54 82 and 150 120 180 ohms a sensible spacing e6 is used for 20 components e12 for 10 e24 for 5 e48 for 2 e96 for 1 e192 for 0 5 or better resistors are manufactured in values from a few milliohms to about a gigaohm in iec60063 ranges appropriate for their tolerance manufacturers may sort resistors into tolerance classes based on measurement accordingly a selection of 100 ohms resistors with a tolerance of 10 might not lie just around 100 ohm but no more than 10 off as one would expect a bell curve but rather be in two groups either between 5 and 10 too high or 5 to 10 too low but not closer to 100 ohm than that because any resistors the factory had measured as being less than 5 off would have been marked and sold as resistors with only 5 tolerance or better when designing a circuit this may become a consideration this process of sorting parts based on post production measurement is known as binning and can be applied to other components than resistors such as speed grades for cpus smt resistors this image shows four surface mount resistors the component at the upper left is a capacitor including two zero ohm resistors zero ohm links are often used instead of wire links so that they can be inserted by a resistor inserting machine their resistance is negligible surface mounted resistors of larger sizes metric 1608 and above are printed with numerical values in a code related to that used on axial resistors standard tolerance surface mount technology smt resistors are marked with a three digit code in which the first two digits are the first two significant digits of the value and the third digit is the power of ten the number of zeroes for example 334 33 10 4 ω 330 kω 222 22 10 2 ω 2 2 kω 473 47 10 3 ω 47 kω 105 10 10 5 ω 1 mω resistances less than 100 ω are written 100 220 470 the final zero represents ten to the power zero which is 1 for example 100 10 10 0 ω 10 ω 220 22 10 0 ω 22 ω sometimes these values are marked as 10 or 22 to prevent a mistake resistances less than 10 ω have r to indicate the position of the decimal point radix point for example 4r7 4 7 ω r300 0 30 ω 0r22 0 22 ω 0r01 0 01 ω 000 and 0000 sometimes appear as values on surface mount zero ohm links since these have approximately zero resistance more recent surface mount resistors are too small physically to permit practical markings to be applied precision resistor markings many precision resistors including surface mount and axial lead types are marked with a four digit code the first three digits are the significant figures and the fourth is the power of ten for example 1001 100 10 1 ω 1 00 kω 4992 499 10 2 ω 49 9 kω 1000 100 10 0 ω 100 ω axial lead precision resistors often use color code bands to represent this four digit code eia 96 marking the former eia 96 marking system now included in iec 60062 2016 is a more compact marking system intended for physically small high precision resistors it uses a two digit code plus a letter a total of three alphanumeric characters to indicate 1 resistance values to three significant digits 32 the two digits from 01 to 96 are a code that indicates one of the 96 positions in the standard e96 series of 1 resistor values the uppercase letter is a code that indicates a power of ten multiplier for example the marking 01c represents 10 kohm 10c represents 12 4 kohm 96c represents 97 6 kohm 33 34 35 36 37 code series letter digits e96 y s x r a b h c d e 01 1 00 1r00 10r0 100r 1k00 10k0 100k 1m00 02 1 02 1r02 10r2 102r 1k02 10k2 102k 1m02 03 1 05 1r05 10r5 105r 1k05 10k5 105k 1m05 04 1 07 1r07 10r7 107r 1k07 10k7 107k 1m07 05 1 10 1r10 11r0 110r 1k10 11k0 110k 1m10 06 1 13 1r13 11r3 113r 1k13 11k3 113k 1m13 07 1 15 1r15 11r5 115r 1k15 11k5 115k 1m15 08 1 18 1r18 11r8 118r 1k18 11k8 118k 1m18 09 1 21 1r21 12r1 121r 1k21 12k1 121k 1m21 10 1 24 1r24 12r4 124r 1k24 12k4 124k 1m24 11 1 27 1r27 12r7 127r 1k27 12k7 127k 1m27 12 1 30 1r30 13r0 130r 1k30 13k0 130k 1m30 13 1 33 1r33 13r3 133r 1k33 13k3 133k 1m33 14 1 37 1r37 13r7 137r 1k37 13k7 137k 1m37 15 1 40 1r40 14r0 140r 1k40 14k0 140k 1m40 16 1 43 1r43 14r3 143r 1k43 14k3 143k 1m43 17 1 47 1r47 14r7 147r 1k47 14k7 147k 1m47 18 1 50 1r50 15r0 150r 1k50 15k0 150k 1m50 19 1 54 1r54 15r4 154r 1k54 15k4 154k 1m54 20 1 58 1r58 15r8 158r 1k58 15k8 158k 1m58 21 1 62 1r62 16r2 162r 1k62 16k2 162k 1m62 22 1 65 1r65 16r5 165r 1k65 16k5 165k 1m65 23 1 69 1r69 16r9 169r 1k69 16k9 169k 1m69 24 1 74 1r74 17r4 174r 1k74 17k4 174k 1m74 25 1 78 1r78 17r8 178r 1k78 17k8 178k 1m78 26 1 82 1r82 18r2 182r 1k82 18k2 182k 1m82 27 1 87 1r87 18r7 187r 1k87 18k7 187k 1m87 28 1 91 1r91 19r1 191r 1k91 19k1 191k 1m91 29 1 96 1r96 19r6 196r 1k96 19k6 196k 1m96 30 2 00 2r00 20r0 200r 2k00 20k0 200k 2m00 31 2 05 2r05 20r5 205r 2k05 20k5 205k 2m05 32 2 10 2r10 21r0 210r 2k10 21k0 210k 2m10 33 2 15 2r15 21r5 215r 2k15 21k5 215k 2m15 34 2 21 2r21 22r1 221r 2k21 22k1 221k 2m21 35 2 26 2r26 22r6 226r 2k26 22k6 226k 2m26 36 2 32 2r32 23r2 232r 2k32 23k2 232k 2m32 37 2 37 2r37 23r7 237r 2k37 23k7 237k 2m37 38 2 43 2r43 24r3 243r 2k43 24k3 243k 2m43 39 2 49 2r49 24r9 249r 2k49 24k9 249k 2m49 40 2 55 2r55 25r5 255r 2k55 25k5 255k 2m55 41 2 61 2r61 26r1 261r 2k61 26k1 261k 2m61 42 2 67 2r67 26r7 267r 2k67 26k7 267k 2m67 43 2 74 2r74 27r4 274r 2k74 27k4 274k 2m74 44 2 80 2r80 28r0 280r 2k80 28k0 280k 2m80 45 2 87 2r87 28r7 287r 2k87 28k7 287k 2m87 46 2 94 2r94 29r4 294r 2k94 29k4 294k 2m94 47 3 01 3r01 30r1 301r 3k01 30k1 301k 3m01 48 3 09 3r09 30r9 309r 3k09 30k9 309k 3m09 code series letter digits e96 y s x r a b h c d e 49 3 16 3r16 31r6 316r 3k16 31k6 316k 3m16 50 3 24 3r24 32r4 324r 3k24 32k4 324k 3m24 51 3 32 3r32 33r2 332r 3k32 33k2 332k 3m32 52 3 40 3r40 34r0 340r 3k40 34k0 340k 3m40 53 3 48 3r48 34r8 348r 3k48 34k8 348k 3m48 54 3 57 3r57 35r7 357r 3k57 35k7 357k 3m57 55 3 65 3r65 36r5 365r 3k65 36k5 365k 3m65 56 3 74 3r74 37r4 374r 3k74 37k4 374k 3m74 57 3 83 3r83 38r3 383r 3k83 38k3 383k 3m83 58 3 92 3r92 39r2 392r 3k92 39k2 392k 3m92 59 4 02 4r02 40r2 402r 4k02 40k2 402k 4m02 60 4 12 4r12 41r2 412r 4k12 41k2 412k 4m12 61 4 22 4r22 42r2 422r 4k22 42k2 422k 4m22 62 4 32 4r32 43r2 432r 4k32 43k2 432k 4m32 63 4 42 4r42 44r2 442r 4k42 44k2 442k 4m42 64 4 53 4r53 45r3 453r 4k53 45k3 453k 4m53 65 4 64 4r64 46r4 464r 4k64 46k4 464k 4m64 66 4 75 4r75 47r5 475r 4k75 47k5 475k 4m75 67 4 87 4r87 48r7 487r 4k87 48k7 487k 4m87 68 4 99 4r99 49r9 499r 4k99 49k9 499k 4m99 69 5 11 5r11 51r1 511r 5k11 51k1 511k 5m11 70 5 23 5r23 52r3 523r 5k23 52k3 523k 5m23 71 5 36 5r36 53r6 536r 5k36 53k6 536k 5m36 72 5 49 5r49 54r9 549r 5k49 54k9 549k 5m49 73 5 62 5r62 56r2 562r 5k62 56k2 562k 5m62 74 5 76 5r76 57r6 576r 5k76 57k6 576k 5m76 75 5 90 5r90 59r0 590r 5k90 59k0 590k 5m90 76 6 04 6r04 60r4 604r 6k04 60k4 604k 6m04 77 6 19 6r19 61r9 619r 6k19 61k9 619k 6m19 78 6 34 6r34 63r4 634r 6k34 63k4 634k 6m34 79 6 49 6r49 64r9 649r 6k49 64k9 649k 6m49 80 6 65 6r65 66r5 665r 6k65 66k5 665k 6m65 81 6 81 6r81 68r1 681r 6k81 68k1 681k 6m81 82 6 98 6r98 69r8 698r 6k98 69k8 698k 6m98 83 7 15 7r15 71r5 715r 7k15 71k5 715k 7m15 84 7 32 7r32 73r2 732r 7k32 73k2 732k 7m32 85 7 50 7r50 75r0 750r 7k50 75k0 750k 7m50 86 7 68 7r68 76r8 768r 7k68 76k8 768k 7m68 87 7 87 7r87 78r7 787r 7k87 78k7 787k 7m87 88 8 06 8r06 80r6 806r 8k06 80k6 806k 8m06 89 8 25 8r25 82r5 825r 8k25 82k5 825k 8m25 90 8 45 8r45 84r5 845r 8k45 84k5 845k 8m45 91 8 66 8r66 86r6 866r 8k66 86k6 866k 8m66 92 8 87 8r87 88r7 887r 8k87 88k7 887k 8m87 93 9 09 9r09 90r9 909r 9k09 90k9 909k 9m09 94 9 31 9r31 93r1 931r 9k31 93k1 931k 9m31 95 9 53 9r53 95r3 953r 9k53 95k3 953k 9m53 96 9 76 9r76 97r6 976r 9k76 97k6 976k 9m76 industrial type designation power rating at 70 c type no power rating watts mil r 11 style mil r 39008 style bb 1 8 rc05 rcr05 cb 1 4 rc07 rcr07 eb 1 2 rc20 rcr20 gb 1 rc32 rcr32 hb 2 rc42 rcr42 gm 3 hm 4 tolerance code industrial type designation tolerance mil designation 5 5 j 2 20 m 1 10 k 2 g 1 f 0 5 d 0 25 c 0 1 b steps to find out the resistance or capacitance values 38 first two letters gives the power dissipation capacity next three digits gives the resistance value first two digits are the significant values third digit is the multiplier final digit gives the tolerance if a resistor is coded eb1041 power dissipation capacity 1 2 watts resistance value 10 10 4 10 between 9 10 4 ohms and 11 10 4 ohms cb3932 power dissipation capacity 1 4 watts resistance value 39 10 3 20 between 31 2 10 3 and 46 8 10 3 ohms common usage patterns there are several common usage patterns that resistors are commonly configured in 39 current limiting resistors are commonly used to limit the amount of current flowing through a circuit many circuit components such as leds require the current flowing through them to be limited but do not themselves limit the amount of current therefore oftentimes resistors will be added to prevent overcurrent situations additionally oftentimes circuits do not need the amount of current that would be otherwise flowing through them so resistors can be added to limit the power consumption of such circuits voltage divider main article voltage divider oftentimes circuits need to provide various reference voltages for other circuits such as voltage comparators a fixed voltage can be obtained by taking two resistors in series between two other fixed voltages such as the source voltage and ground the terminal between the two resistors will be at a voltage that is between the two voltages at a linear distance based on the relative resistances of the two resistors for instance if a 200 ohm resistor and a 400 ohm resistor are placed in series between 6 v and 0 v the terminal between them will be at 4 v pull down and pull up resistors main article pull up resistor when a circuit is not connected to power the voltage of that circuit is not zero but undefined it can be influenced by previous voltages or the environment a pull up or pull down resistor provides a voltage for a circuit when it is otherwise disconnected such as when a button is not pushed down or a transistor is not active a pull up resistor connects the circuit to a high positive voltage if the circuit requires a high positive default voltage and a pull down resistor connects the circuit to a low voltage or ground if the circuit requires a low default voltage the resistor value must be high enough so that when the circuit is active the voltage source it is attached to does not over influence the function of the circuit but low enough so that it pulls quickly enough when the circuit is deactivated and does not significantly alter the voltage from the source value electrical and thermal noise main article noise electronics in amplifying faint signals it is often necessary to minimize electronic noise particularly in the first stage of amplification as a dissipative element even an ideal resistor naturally produces a randomly fluctuating voltage or noise across its terminals this johnson nyquist noise is a fundamental noise source which depends only upon the temperature and resistance of the resistor and is predicted by the fluctuation dissipation theorem using a larger value of resistance produces a larger voltage noise whereas a smaller value of resistance generates more current noise at a given temperature the thermal noise of a practical resistor may also be larger than the theoretical prediction and that increase is typically frequency dependent excess noise of a practical resistor is observed only when current flows through it 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