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the guardian 69 and bbc news typically edits to this style though its official style guide dating from 2003 still recommends all caps 70 the logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the capitalization scheme however it conflicts with conventional english usage of first letter upper casing as a marker of proper names in many cases for example aids stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome which is not a proper name while aids is in the style of one some style manuals also base the letters case on their number the new york times for example keeps nato in all capitals while several guides in the british press may render it nato but uses lower case in unicef from united nations international children s emergency fund because it is more than four letters and to style it in caps might look ungainly flirting with the appearance of shouting capitals numerals and constituent words edit while abbreviations typically exclude the initials of short function words such as and or of or to this is not always the case sometimes function words are included to make a pronounceable acronym such as core congress of racial equality sometimes the letters representing these words are written in lower case such as in the cases of tfl transport for london and lotr the lord of the rings this usually occurs when the acronym represents a multi word proper noun numbers both cardinal and ordinal in names are often represented by digits rather than initial letters as in 4gl fourth generation language or g77 group of 77 large numbers may use metric prefixes as with y2k for year 2000 exceptions using initials for numbers include tla three letter acronym abbreviation and gof gang of four abbreviations using numbers for other purposes include repetitions such as a2dp advanced audio distribution profile w3c world wide web consortium and t3 trends tips tools for everyday living pronunciation such as b2b business to business and numeronyms such as i18n internationalization 18 represents the 18 letters between the initial i and the final n casing of expansions edit authors of expository writing will sometimes capitalize or otherwise distinctively format the initials of the expansion for pedagogical emphasis for example writing the onset of congestive heart failure chf or the onset of c ongestive h eart f ailure chf capitalization like this however conflicts with the convention of english orthography which generally reserves capitals in the middle of sentences for proper nouns when following the ama manual of style this would instead be rendered as the onset of congestive heart failure chf 71 changes to or wordplay on the expanded meaning edit pseudo acronyms and orphan initialisms edit some apparent acronyms or other abbreviations do not stand for anything and cannot be expanded to some meaning such pseudo acronyms may be pronunciation based such as bbq bee bee cue for barbecue and k9 kay nine for canine pseudo acronyms also frequently develop as orphan initialisms an existing acronym is redefined as a non acronymous name severing its link to its previous meaning 72 73 for example the letters of the sat a us college entrance test originally dubbed scholastic aptitude test no longer officially stand for anything 74 75 the us based abortion rights organization naral was another example of this in that case the organization changed its name several times with the long form of the name always corresponding to the letters naral later opting to simply be known by the short form without being connected to a long form and finally dropping the term to become reproductive freedom for all this is common with companies that want to retain brand recognition while moving away from an outdated image american telephone and telegraph became at t 72 and british petroleum became bp 73 76 russia today has rebranded itself as rt american movie classics has simply rebranded itself as amc genzyme transgenics corporation became gtc biotherapeutics inc the learning channel became tlc mtv dropped the name music television out of its brand and american district telegraph became simply known as adt kentucky fried chicken went partway re branding itself with its initialism kfc to de emphasize the role of frying in the preparation of its signature dishes though they have since returned to using both interchangeably 77 b the east coast hockey league became the echl when it expanded to include cities in the western united states prior to the 2003 2004 season pseudo acronyms may have advantages in international markets for example some national affiliates of international business machines are legally incorporated with ibm in their names for example ibm canada to avoid translating the full name into local languages citation needed likewise ubs is the name of the merged union bank of switzerland and swiss bank corporation 78 and hsbc has replaced the long name hongkong and shanghai banking corporation some companies which have a name giving a clear indication of their place of origin will choose to use acronyms when expanding to foreign markets for example toronto dominion bank sometimes continues to operate under its full name in canada but its u s subsidiary is known only as td bank just as royal bank of canada sometimes still uses its full name in canada a constitutional monarchy while its u s subsidiary is always only called rbc bank the india based jsw group of companies is another example of the original name jindal south west group being re branded into a pseudo acronym while expanding into other geographical areas in and outside of india redundant acronyms and ras syndrome edit main article ras syndrome this section has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed october 2017 learn how and when to remove this message this section may contain original research please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations statements consisting only of original research should be removed october 2017 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message rebranding can lead to redundant acronym syndrome as when trustee savings bank became tsb bank or when railway express agency became rea express a few high tech companies have taken the redundant acronym to the extreme for example ism information systems management corp and shl systemhouse ltd examples in entertainment include the television shows csi crime scene investigation and navy ncis navy was dropped in the second season where the redundancy was likely designed to educate new viewers as to what the initials stood for redefined acronyms edit in some cases while the initials in an acronym may stay the same for what those letters stand may change examples include the following ai was originally a wellknown acronym for amnesty international nowadays it refers more commonly to artificial intelligence dvd was originally an acronym for the unofficial term digital video disc but is now stated by the dvd forum as standing for digital versatile disc citation needed gao changed the full form of its name from general accounting office to government accountability office 79 gpo changed the full form of its name from government printing office to government publishing office 80 raid was originally an acronym for redundant array of inexpensive disks but has since been redefined as redundant array of independent disks 81 the uicc was founded as the international union against cancer 82 and its initials originally came from the romance language versions of that name such as french union internationale contre le cancer the english expansion of its name has since been changed to union for international cancer control so that it would also correspond to the uicc acronym wwf was originally an acronym for world wildlife fund but now stands for world wide fund for nature although the organization s branches in the u s and canada still use the original name 83 backronyms edit main article backronym a backronym or bacronym is a phrase that is constructed after the fact from a previously existing word for example the novelist and critic anthony burgess once proposed that the word book ought to stand for box of organized knowledge 84 a classic real world example of this is the name of the predecessor to the apple macintosh the apple lisa which was said to refer to local integrated software architecture but was actually named after steve jobs daughter born in 1978 contrived acronyms edit this section s style of writing may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on wikipedia see wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for suggestions january 2024 learn how and when to remove this message contrived acronyms are deliberately designed to be apt for the thing being named by having a dual meaning or by borrowing the positive connotations of an existing word some examples of contrived acronyms are usa patriot can spam captcha doge and act up citation needed the clothing company french connection began referring to itself as fcuk standing for french connection united kingdom the company then created t shirts and several advertising campaigns that exploit the acronym s similarity to the taboo word fuck contrived acronyms find frequent use as names of fictional agencies with a famous example being frequent james bond antagonist organization spectre special executive for counterintelligence terrorism revenge and extortion the u s department of defense s defense advanced research projects agency darpa is known for developing contrived acronyms to name projects including resurrect nirvana and dude in july 2010 wired magazine reported that darpa announced programs to transform biology from a descriptive to a predictive field of science named batman and robin for biochronicity and temporal mechanisms arising in nature and robustness of biologically inspired networks 85 a reference to comic book superheroes batman and robin the short form names of clinical trials and other scientific studies constitute a large class of acronyms that includes many contrived examples as well as many with a partial rather than complete correspondence of letters to expansion components these trials tend to have full names that are accurately descriptive of what the trial is about but are thus also too long to serve practically as names within the syntax of a sentence so a short name is also developed which can serve as a syntactically useful handle and also provide at least a degree of mnemonic reminder as to the full name examples widely known in medicine include the allhat trial antihypertensive and lipid lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial and the charm trial candesartan in heart failure assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity the fact that ras syndrome is often involved as well as that the letters often do not entirely match have sometimes been pointed out by annoyed researchers preoccupied by the idea that because the archetypal form of acronyms originated with one to one letter matching there must be some impropriety in their ever deviating from that form however the purpose of clinical trial acronyms as with gene and protein symbols is simply to have a syntactically usable and easily recalled short name to complement the long name that is often syntactically unusable and not memorized it is useful for the short name to give a reminder of the long name which supports the reasonable censure of cutesy examples that provide little to no hint of it but beyond that reasonably close correspondence the short name s chief utility is in functioning cognitively as a name rather than being a cryptic and forgettable string albeit faithful to the matching of letters citation needed other reasonable critiques have been 1 that it is irresponsible to mention trial acronyms without explaining them at least once by providing the long names somewhere in the document 86 and 2 that the proliferation of trial acronyms has resulted in ambiguity such as three different trials all called aspect which is another reason why failing to explain them somewhere in the document is irresponsible in scientific communication 86 at least one study has evaluated the citation impact and other traits of acronym named trials compared with others 87 finding both good aspects mnemonic help name recall and potential flaws connotatively driven bias 87 some acronyms are chosen deliberately to avoid a name considered undesirable for example verliebt in berlin vib a german telenovela was first intended to be alles nur aus liebe all for love but was changed to avoid the resultant acronym anal likewise the computer literacy and internet technology qualification is known as clait 88 rather than clit in canada the canadian conservative reform alliance party was quickly renamed to the canadian reform conservative alliance when its opponents pointed out that its initials spelled ccrap pronounced see crap two irish institutes of technology galway and tralee chose different acronyms from other institutes when they were upgraded from regional technical colleges tralee rtc became the institute of technology tralee itt as opposed to tralee institute of technology tit galway rtc became galway mayo institute of technology gmit as opposed to galway institute of technology git the charity sports organization team in training is known as tnt and not tit technological institute of textile sciences however is still known as tits george mason university was planning to name their law school the antonin scalia school of law assol in honor of the late antonin scalia only to change it to the antonin scalia law school later 89 macronyms nested acronyms edit this section has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed february 2020 learn how and when to remove this message this section may contain original research please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations statements consisting only of original research should be removed february 2020 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message a macronym or nested acronym is an acronym in which one or more letters stand for acronyms or abbreviations themselves the word macronym is a portmanteau of macro and acronym some examples of macronyms are xhr stands for xml http request in which xml is extensible markup language and http stands for hypertext transfer protocol power stands for performance optimization with enhanced risc in which risc stands for reduced instructio...
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