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nce of gallia belgica along with the southern belgae and the treveri these roman provinces were broken into civitates each with a capital city and each representing one of the major tribal groups named by caesar at first only one tongeren capital of the tungri was in modern belgium later the capital of the menapii was moved from cassel in modern france to tournai in belgium the nervian capital was in the south of the territory in modern france at bavay and later moved to cambrai trier the capital of the treveri is today in germany the northeastern corner of this province including tongeren and the area of the earlier germani was united with the militarized rhine border to form a newer province known as germania inferior 15 with capital colonia agrippina cologne in germany 15 emperor diocletian restructured the provinces around 300 and split the remaining belgica into two provinces belgica prima and belgica secunda belgica prima was the eastern part and had trier as its main city and included part of the belgian province of luxembourg it became one of the most important roman cities in western europe in the 3rd century christianity was introduced to belgium during the late roman period and the first known bishop in the region servatius taught in the middle of the fourth century in tongeren early middle ages edit saint servatius bishop of tongeren and one of the first known christian figures in the region 16th century reliquary in the middle ages the old roman civitates became the basis of christian dioceses and the row of dioceses which form the core of modern belgium tournai cambrai and liège were the most northerly continental areas to retain a romanized culture the modern belgian language boundary derives from this period as the area was a contact point of frankish and romanized populations as the western roman empire lost power germanic tribes came to dominate the military and then form kingdoms coastal flanders the old territory of the menapii became part of the saxon shore in inland northern belgium franks from the roman frontier in the rhine delta were allowed to re settle in toxandria in the 4th century wallonia remained more heavily romanized although it eventually became subject to franks in the 5th century franks remained important in the roman military and the romanized frankish merovingian dynasty eventually took over northern france clovis i the best known king of this dynasty first conquered romanized northern france later called neustria then turned north to the frankish lands later referred to as austrasia which included all or most of belgium christian missionaries preached to the populace and started a wave of conversion southern part of the low countries with bishopry towns and abbeys c 7th century abbeys were the onset to larger villages and even some towns to reshape the landscape the merovingian dynasty was succeeded by the carolingian dynasty whose family power base was in and around the eastern part of modern belgium after charles martel countered the moorish invasion from spain 732 poitiers king charlemagne brought a huge part of europe under his rule and was crowned the emperor of the new holy roman empire by the pope leo iii in 800 the vikings raided widely throughout this period but a major settlement that had caused problems in the area of belgium was defeated in 891 by arnulf of carinthia in the battle of leuven the frankish lands were divided and reunified several times under the merovingian and carolingian dynasties but eventually were firmly divided into france and the holy roman empire the parts of the county of flanders west of the river scheldt became part of france during the middle ages but the remainders of the county of flanders and the low countries were part of the holy roman empire specifically the stem duchy of lower lotharingia which had a period as an independent kingdom through the early middle ages the northern part of present day belgium flanders was a germanic language speaking area whereas in the southern part people had continued to be romanized and spoke derivatives of vulgar latin the gravensteen in ghent whose current buildings date to 1180 was the castle of the counts of flanders as the holy roman emperors and french kings lost effective control of their domains in the 11th and 12th centuries the territory more or less corresponding to the present belgium was divided into relatively independent feudal states including the county of flanders the marquisate of namur the duchy of brabant see also duke of brabant the county of hainaut the duchy of limburg the county of luxembourg the prince bishopric of liège the territory over which the bishop ruled as a lord which was smaller than the diocese the coastal county of flanders was one of the wealthiest parts of europe in the late middle ages from trading with england france and germany and it became culturally important during the 11th and 12th centuries the rheno mosan or mosan art movement flourished in the region moving its centre from cologne and trier to liège maastricht and aachen late middle ages and renaissance edit 14th century illustration of the battle of the golden spurs in 1302 where forces from the county of flanders defeated their nominal overlords of the kingdom of france in this period many cities including ypres bruges and ghent obtained their city charter the hanseatic league stimulated trade in the region and the period saw the erection of many gothic cathedrals and city halls 16 with the decline of the holy roman emperors power starting in the 13th century the low countries were largely left to their own devices the lack of imperial protection also meant that the french and english began vying for influence in 1214 king philip ii of france defeated the count of flanders in the battle of bouvines and forced his submission to the french crown through the remainder of the 13th century french control over flanders steadily increased until 1302 when an attempt at total annexation by philip iv met a stunning defeat when count guy humiliated the french knights at the battle of the golden spurs philip launched a new campaign that ended with the inconclusive battle of mons en pévèle in 1304 the king imposed harsh peace terms on flanders which included ceding the important textile making centers of lille and douai thereafter flanders remained a french tributary until the start of the hundred years war in 1337 paris s influence in the low countries was counterbalanced by england which maintained important ties to the coastal ports and came to dominate the wool shipping business flemish cloth remained a highly valued product highly dependent on english wool any interruption in the supply of that invariably resulted in riots and violence from the weavers guilds flanders received imports from other areas of europe but itself purchased little abroad except wine from spain and france bruges became a great commercial center after the hanseatic league set up business there from early on the low countries began to develop as a commercial and manufacturing center merchants became the dominant class in the towns with the nobility largely limited to countryside estates history of the low countries schematic further information lists of rulers in the low countries frisii germanic tribes belgae celts frisii cana nefates a chamavi tubantes b gallia belgica 55 bc c 5th century ad germania inferior 83 c 5th century salian franks batavi a unpopulated 4th c 5th centuries saxons salian franks a 4th c 5th centuries frisian kingdom c 6th century 734 frankish kingdom 481 843 carolingian empire 800 843 austrasia 511 687 middle francia 843 855 west francia from 843 middle francia 843 855 kingdom of lotharingia c 855 959 duchy of lower lorraine d from 959 kingdom of lotharingia c 855 959 duchy of lower lorraine d from 959 kingdom of lotharingia c 855 959 duchy of lower lorraine d from 959 frisia county of flanders e 862 1384 frisian freedom f 11th 16th centuries county of holland g 880 1432 bishopric of utrecht h 695 1456 duchy of brabant i 1183 1430 duchy of guelders j 1046 1543 county of hainaut 1071 1432 county of namur 981 1421 prince bishopric of liège k 980 1791 duchy of luxembourg 1059 1443 burgundian netherlands 1384 1482 burgundian netherlands 1384 1482 habsburg netherlands 1482 1795 seventeen provinces after 1543 l habsburg netherlands 1482 1795 seventeen provinces after 1543 l dutch republic 1581 1795 spanish netherlands 1556 1714 spanish netherlands 1556 1714 austrian netherlands 1714 1795 austrian netherlands 1714 1795 united states of belgium 1790 republic of liège 1789 91 united states of belgium 1790 austrian netherlands 1795 1797 p bish of liège 1791 1794 austrian netherlands 1795 1797 batavian republic 1795 1806 kingdom of holland 1806 1810 associated with french first republic 1795 1804 part of first french empire 1804 1815 part of first french empire 1810 1813 sovereign principality of the netherlands 1813 1815 united kingdom of the netherlands 1815 1830 grand duchy of luxembourg from 1815 kingdom of the netherlands from 1839 kingdom of belgium from 1830 grand duchy of luxembourg from 1890 by 1433 most of the belgian and luxembourgish territory became part of burgundy under philip the good when mary of burgundy granddaughter of philip the good married maximilian i the low countries became habsburg territory the holy roman empire was unified with spain under the habsburg dynasty after charles v inherited several domains view of antwerp painted c 1540 map illustrating the formation of the habsburg netherlands 1482 1543 especially during the burgundy period the 15th and 16th centuries tournai bruges ypres ghent brussels and antwerp took turns at being major european centers for commerce industry especially textiles and art bruges had a strategic location at the crossroads of the northern hanseatic league trade and the southern trade routes bruges was already included in the circuit of the flemish and french cloth fairs at the beginning of the 13th century but when the old system of fairs broke down the entrepreneurs of bruges innovated they developed or borrowed from italy new forms of merchant capitalism they employed new forms of economic exchange including bills of exchange i e promissory notes and letters of credit 17 antwerp eagerly welcomed foreign traders most notably the portuguese pepper and spice traders 18 19 an altarpiece by the brabantian painter rogier van der weyden 1399 1464 who was at the forefront of the northern renaissance in art the renaissance was represented by the flemish primitives a group of painters active primarily in the southern netherlands in the 15th and early 16th centuries and the franco flemish composers flemish tapestries and in the 16th and 17th centuries brussels tapestry hung on the walls of castles throughout europe the burgundian princes enhanced their political prestige with economic growth and artistic splendour these great dukes of the west were effectively sovereigns with domains extending from the zuiderzee to the somme the urban and other textile industries which had developed in the belgian territories since the 12th century became the economic center of northwestern europe the pragmatic sanction of 1549 issued by holy roman emperor charles v established the so called seventeen provinces as an entity on its own apart from the empire and from france this comprised all of belgium present day northeastern france present day luxembourg and present day netherlands except for the lands of the prince bishop of liège in brussels on 25 october 1555 charles v abdicated belgica regia to his son who in january 1556 assumed the throne of spain as philip ii dutch revolt and 80 years war edit main article dutch revolt see also dunkirkers the sack of antwerp in 1576 in which 17 000 people died 20 siege and capture of tournai 1581 the northern part of belgica regia comprising seven provinces and eventually forming the dutch republic became increasingly protestant specifically calvinist while the larger part comprising the ten southern provinces remained primarily catholic this schism and other cultural differences which had been present since ancient times launched the union of atrecht in the belgian regions later followed by the union of utrecht in the northern regions when philip ii ascended the spanish throne he tried to abolish all protestantism portions of belgica regia revolted eventually resulting in the eighty years war 1568 1648 between spain and the dutch republic 21 the horrors of this war massacres religious violence mutinies were precursors to the thirty years war 1618 1648 with which it would merge after the iconoclastic fury of 1566 spanish authorities were able to largely gain control of the low countries the most notable event of this period was the battle of oosterweel in which spanish forces destroyed an army of dutch calvinists king philip ii sent in fernando álvarez de toledo 3rd duke of alba as governor general of the spanish netherlands from 1567 to 1573 alba established a special court called the council of troubles nicknamed the council of blood the blood council s reign of terror saw it condemn thousands of people to death without due process and drive the nobles into exile while seizing their property alba boasted that he had burned or executed 18 600 persons in the netherlands in addition to the far greater number he massacred during the war many of them women and children 8 000 persons were burned or hanged in one year and alba s flemish victims totalled at least 50 000 22 the dutch revolt spread to the south in the mid 1570s after the army of flanders mutinied for lack of pay and went on the rampage in several cities at the battle of gembloux on january 31 1578 the dutch were followed by don juan of austria who sent forward a picked force that attacked the rearguard and dispersed it and then falling suddenly upon the main body utterly routed it killing at least 10 000 rebels 23 don juan of austria died on october 1 1578 and was succeeded by alexander farnese duke of parma with the arrival of large numbers of troops from spain farnese began a campaign of reconquest in the south 24 he took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the dutch speaking flemish and the walloon speaking south to foment growing discord 25 by doing so he was able to bring back the walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king by the treaty of arras in 1579 he secured the support of the malcontents as the catholic nobles of the south were styled the seven northern provinces controlled by calvinists responded with the union of utrecht where they resolved to stick together to fight spain farnese secured his base in hainaut and artois then moved against brabant and flanders he captured many rebel towns in the south 26 maastricht 1579 tournai 1581 oudenaarde 1582 dunkirk 1583 bruges 1584 and ghent 1584 25 on august 17 1585 farnese laid siege to antwerp antw...
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