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him it would have resurrected a domain as vast as holy roman emperor charles v s in the 16th century to the maritime powers of great britain and the dutch republic this would have been as undesirable as a franco spanish union 99 conclusion of peace map of france after the death of louis xiv as a result of the fresh british perspective on the european balance of power anglo french talks began culminating in the 1713 peace of utrecht between louis philip v of spain anne of great britain and the dutch republic in 1714 after losing landau and freiburg the holy roman emperor also made peace with france in the treaties of rastatt and baden in the general settlement philip v retained spain and its colonies while austria received the spanish netherlands and divided spanish italy with savoy britain kept gibraltar and menorca louis agreed to withdraw his support for james stuart son of james ii and pretender to the thrones of great britain and ireland and ceded newfoundland rupert s land and acadia in the americas to anne britain gained the most from the treaty but the final terms were much more favourable to france than those being discussed in peace negotiations in 1709 and 1710 citation needed france retained île saint jean and île royale and louis acquired a few minor european territories such as the principality of orange and the ubaye valley which covered transalpine passes into italy thanks to louis his allies the electors of bavaria and cologne were restored to their prewar status and returned their lands 100 personal life marriages and children wedding of louis and maria theresa dual cypher of king louis xiv queen marie thérèse louis and his wife maria theresa of spain had six children from the marriage contracted for them in 1660 however only one child the eldest survived to adulthood louis le grand dauphin known as monseigneur maria theresa died in 1683 whereupon louis remarked that she had never caused him unease on any other occasion despite evidence of affection early on in their marriage louis was never faithful to maria theresa he took a series of mistresses both official and unofficial among the better documented are louise de la vallière with whom he had five children 1661 1667 bonne de pons d heudicourt 1665 catherine charlotte de gramont 1665 françoise athénaïs marquise de montespan with whom he had seven children 1667 1680 anne de rohan chabot 1669 1675 claude de vin des œillets one child born in 1676 isabelle de ludres 1675 1678 and marie angélique de scorailles 1679 1681 who died at age 19 in childbirth through these liaisons he produced numerous illegitimate children most of whom he married to members of cadet branches of the royal family louis proved relatively more faithful to his second wife françoise d aubigné marquise de maintenon he first met her through her work caring for his children by madame de montespan noting the care she gave to his favourite louis auguste duke of maine 101 the king was at first put off by her strict religious practice but he warmed to her through her care for his children 101 when he legitimized his children by madame de montespan on 20 december 1673 françoise d aubigné became the royal governess at saint germain 101 as governess she was one of very few people permitted to speak to him as an equal without limits 101 it is believed that they were married secretly at versailles on or around 10 october 1683 102 or january 1684 103 this marriage though never announced or publicly discussed was an open secret and lasted until his death piety and religion louis xiv encouraged catholic missions through the creation of the paris foreign missions society louis was a pious and devout king who saw himself as the head and protector of the catholic church in france he made his devotions daily regardless of where he was following the liturgical calendar regularly 104 under the influence of his very religious second wife he became much stronger in the practice of his catholic faith 105 this included banning opera and comedy performances during lent 105 towards the middle and the end of his reign the centre for the king s religious observances was usually the chapelle royale at versailles ostentation was a distinguishing feature of his daily mass annual celebrations such as those of holy week and special ceremonies 106 louis established the paris foreign missions society but his informal alliance with the ottoman empire was criticised for undermining christendom 107 patronage of the arts painting from 1667 depicting louis as patron of the fine arts the cour royale and the cour de marbre at versailles see also louis xiv style louis supported the royal court of france and those who worked under him he brought the académie française under his patronage and became its protector he promoted classical french literature by protecting such writers as molière racine and la fontaine louis also patronised the visual arts by funding and commissioning artists such as charles le brun pierre mignard antoine coysevox and hyacinthe rigaud composers and musicians such as jean baptiste lully jacques champion de chambonnières and françois couperin thrived in 1661 louis founded the académie royale de danse and in 1669 the académie d opéra important events in the evolution of ballet he also attracted supported and patronized such artists as andré charles boulle who revolutionised marquetry with his art of inlay today known as boulle work always on the lookout for new talent the king launched music competitions in 1683 michel richard de lalande thus became deputy master of the royal chapel composing his symphonies for the soupers du roy along with 77 large scale grand motets citation needed over the course of four building campaigns louis converted a hunting lodge commissioned by louis xiii into the spectacular palace of versailles except for the current royal chapel built near the end of his reign the palace achieved much of its current appearance after the third building campaign which was followed by an official move of the royal court to versailles on 6 may 1682 versailles became a dazzling awe inspiring setting for state affairs and the reception of foreign dignitaries at versailles the king alone commanded attention bust of louis xiv by gianlorenzo bernini several reasons have been suggested for the creation of the extravagant and stately palace as well as the relocation of the monarchy s seat the memoirist saint simon speculated that louis viewed versailles as an isolated power centre where treasonous cabals could be more readily discovered and foiled 59 there has also been speculation that the revolt of the fronde caused louis to hate paris which he abandoned for a country retreat but his sponsorship of many public works in paris such as the establishment of a police force and of street lighting 108 lend little credence to this theory as a further example of his continued care for the capital louis constructed the hôtel des invalides a military complex and home to this day for officers and soldiers rendered infirm either by injury or old age while pharmacology was still quite rudimentary in his day the invalides pioneered new treatments and set new standards for hospice treatment the conclusion of the treaty of aix la chapelle in 1668 also induced louis to demolish paris s northern walls in 1670 and replace them with wide tree lined boulevards 109 louis renovated and improved the louvre and other royal residences gian lorenzo bernini was originally to plan additions to the louvre however his plans would have meant the destruction of much of the existing structure replacing it with an italian summer villa in the centre of paris bernini s plans were eventually shelved in favour of the elegant louvre colonnade designed by three frenchmen louis le vau charles le brun and claude perrault with the relocation of the court to versailles the louvre was given over to the arts and the public 110 during his visit from rome bernini also executed a renowned portrait bust of the king image and depiction bronze bust of louis xiv circa 1660 by an unknown artist from paris france the victoria and albert museum london few rulers in world history have commemorated themselves in as grand a manner as louis 111 he cultivated his image as the sun king le roi soleil the centre of the universe without equal louis used court ritual and the arts to validate and augment his control over france with his support colbert established from the beginning of louis s personal reign a centralised and institutionalised system for creating and perpetuating the royal image the king was thus portrayed largely in majesty or at war notably against spain this portrayal of the monarch was to be found in numerous media of artistic expression such as painting sculpture theatre dance music and the almanacs that diffused royal propaganda to the population at large evolution of royal portraiture le roi gouverne par lui même modello for the central panel of the ceiling of the hall of mirrors c 1680 by le brun 1619 1690 over his lifetime louis commissioned numerous works of art including over 300 formal portraits the earliest portrayals of louis already followed the pictorial conventions of the day in depicting the child king as the majestically royal incarnation of france this idealisation of the monarch continued in later works which avoided depictions of the effect of smallpox that louis contracted in 1647 in the 1660s louis began to be shown as a roman emperor the god apollo or alexander the great as can be seen in many works of charles le brun such as sculpture paintings and the decor of major monuments citation needed grandiose images of the king in allegorical or mythological guises followed conventions of historiated portraiture that had been common since the renaissance 112 there is no better illustration of this than hyacinthe rigaud s 1701 portrait of louis xiv where a 63 year old louis appears to stand on a set of unnaturally young legs 113 rigaud s portrait exemplified the height of royal portraiture during louis s reign although rigaud crafted a credible likeness of louis the portrait was neither meant as an exercise in realism nor to explore louis s character certainly rigaud was concerned with detail and depicted the king s costume with great precision down to his shoe buckle 114 however rigaud intended to glorify the monarchy rigaud s original now housed in the louvre was originally meant as a gift to louis s grandson philip v of spain however louis was so pleased with the work that he kept the original and commissioned a copy to be sent to his grandson that became the first of many copies both in full and half length formats to be made by rigaud often with the help of his assistants the portrait also became a model for french royal and imperial portraiture down to the time of charles x over a century later in his work rigaud proclaims louis s exalted royal status through his elegant stance and haughty expression the royal regalia and throne rich ceremonial fleur de lys robes as well as the upright column in the background which together with the draperies serves to frame this image of majesty other works of art in addition to portraits louis commissioned at least 20 statues of himself in the 1680s to stand in paris and provincial towns as physical manifestations of his rule he also commissioned war artists to follow him on campaigns to document his military triumphs to remind the people of these triumphs louis erected permanent triumphal arches in paris and the provinces for the first time since the decline of the roman empire louis s reign marked the birth and infancy of the art of medallions sixteenth century rulers had often issued medals in small numbers to commemorate the major events of their reigns louis however struck more than 300 to celebrate the story of the king in bronze that were enshrined in thousands of households throughout france he also used tapestries as a medium of exalting the monarchy tapestries could be allegorical depicting the elements or seasons or realist portraying royal residences or historical events they were among the most significant means to spread royal propaganda prior to the construction of the hall of mirrors at versailles 115 ballet louis xiv as apollo in the ballet royal de la nuit 1653 hall of mirrors palace of versailles louis loved ballet and frequently danced in court ballets during the early half of his reign in general louis was an eager dancer who performed 80 roles in 40 major ballets this approaches the career of a professional ballet dancer 116 his choices were strategic and varied he danced four parts in three of molière s comédies ballets which are plays accompanied by music and dance louis played an egyptian in le mariage forcé in 1664 a moorish gentleman in le sicilien in 1667 and both neptune and apollo in les amants magnifiques in 1670 he sometimes danced leading roles that were suitably royal or godlike such as neptune apollo or the sun 116 at other times he would adopt mundane roles before appearing at the end in the lead role it is considered that at all times he provided his roles with sufficient majesty and drew the limelight with his flair for dancing 116 for louis ballet may not have merely been a tool for manipulation in his propaganda machinery the sheer number of performances he gave as well as the diversity of roles he played may serve to indicate a deeper understanding and interest in the art form 116 117 ballet dancing was used by louis as a political tool to hold power over his state he integrated ballet deeply into court social functions and fixated his nobles attention on upholding standards in ballet dancing effectively distracting them from political activities 118 in 1661 the royal academy of dance was founded by louis to further his ambition pierre beauchamp his private dance instructor was ordered by louis to come up with a notation system to record ballet performances which he did with great success his work was adopted and published by feuillet in 1700 as choregraphie this major development in ballet played an important role in promoting french culture and ballet throughout europe during louis s time 119 louis greatly emphasized etiquettes in ballet dancing evidently seen in la belle danse the french noble style more challenging skills were required to perform this dance with movements very much resembling court behaviours as a way to remind the nobles of the king s absolute power and their own status all the details and rules were compressed in five positions of the bodies codified by beauchamp 120 unofficial image besides the official depiction and image of louis his subjects also followed a non official discourse consisting mainly of clandestine publications popular songs and rumours that provided an alternative interpretation of louis and his government they often focused on the miseries arising from poor government but also carried the hope for a ...
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