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military expenditures 39 nearly one quarter of germany s gnp was committed to the war effort in 1939 and this rose to three quarters of gnp in 1944 prior to the collapse of the economy 39 in 1939 japan committed 22 percent of its gnp to its war effort in china this rose to three quarters of gnp in 1944 39 italy did not mobilize its economy its gnp committed to the war effort remained at prewar levels 39 italy and japan lacked industrial capacity their economies were small dependent on international trade external sources of fuel and other industrial resources 39 as a result italian and japanese mobilization remained low even by 1943 39 among the three major axis powers japan had the lowest per capita income while germany and italy had an income level comparable to the united kingdom 40 romania s oil gave the country a disproportionate importance in the global conflict in 1940 and 1941 romania supplied 94 and 75 of germany s oil imports respectively italy which lacked both natural and synthetic output was even more reliant on romanian oil than germany the loss of romania s oil following the country s defection from the axis in august 1944 resulted in hitler s first admission that the war was lost 41 major axis powers germany main articles nazi germany greater germanic reich and flensburg government german führer adolf hitler german heinkel he 111 bomber aircraft during the battle of britain german vehicles advancing during the second battle of el alamein in the north african campaign german soldiers during the battle of stalingrad in the eastern front campaign german submarine u 118 under air attack in june 1943 war justifications hitler in 1941 described the outbreak of world war ii as the fault of the intervention of western powers against germany during its war with poland describing it as the result of the european and american warmongers 42 hitler had designs for germany to become the dominant and leading state in the world such as his intention for germany s capital of berlin to become the welthauptstadt world capital renamed germania 43 the german government also justified its actions by claiming that germany inevitably needed to territorially expand because it was facing an overpopulation crisis that hitler described we are overpopulated and cannot feed ourselves from our own resources 44 thus expansion was justified as an inevitable necessity to provide lebensraum living space for the german nation and end the country s overpopulation within existing confined territory and provide resources necessary to its people s well being 44 since the 1920s the nazi party publicly promoted the expansion of germany into territories held by the soviet union 45 germany justified its war against poland on the issues of german minority within poland and polish opposition to the incorporation of the ethnically german majority free city of danzig into germany while hitler and the nazi party before taking power openly talked about destroying poland and were hostile to poles after gaining power until february 1939 hitler tried to conceal his true intentions towards poland and signed a 10 year non aggression pact in 1934 revealing his plans to only to his closest associates 46 relations between germany and poland altered from the early to the late 1930s as germany sought rapprochement with poland to avoid the risk of poland entering the soviet sphere of influence and appealed to anti soviet sentiment in poland 47 hitler even tried to convince poland to join the anti comintern pact 48 the soviet union in turn at this time competed with germany for influence in poland 47 at the same time germany was preparing for a war with poland and was secretly preparing the german minority in poland for a war 49 a diplomatic crisis erupted following hitler demanding that the free city of danzig be annexed to germany as it was led by a nazi government seeking annexation to germany germany used legal precedents to justify its intervention against poland and annexation of the free city of danzig led by a local nazi government that sought incorporation into germany in 1939 50 poland rejected germany s demands and germany in response prepared a general mobilization on the morning of 30 august 1939 51 germany justified its invasion of the low countries of belgium luxembourg and the netherlands in may 1940 by claiming that it suspected that britain and france were preparing to use the low countries to launch an invasion of the industrial ruhr region of germany 52 when war between germany versus britain and france appeared likely in may 1939 hitler declared that the netherlands and belgium would need to be occupied saying dutch and belgian air bases must be occupied declarations of neutrality must be ignored 52 in a conference with germany s military leaders on 23 november 1939 hitler declared to the military leaders that we have an achilles heel the ruhr and said that if england and france push through belgium and holland into the ruhr we shall be in the greatest danger and thus claimed that belgium and the netherlands had to be occupied by germany to protect germany from a british french offensive against the ruhr irrespective of their claims to neutrality 52 germany s invasion of the soviet union in 1941 involved issues of lebensraum anti communism and soviet foreign policy after germany invaded the soviet union in 1941 the nazi regime s stance towards an independent territorially reduced russia was affected by pressure beginning in 1942 from the german army on hitler to endorse a russian liberation army led by andrey vlasov 53 initially the proposal to support an anti communist russian army was met with outright rejection by hitler however by 1944 as germany faced mounting losses on the eastern front vlasov s forces were recognized by germany as an ally particularly by reichsführer ss heinrich himmler 54 after the japanese attack on pearl harbor and the outbreak of war between japan and the united states germany supported japan by declaring war on the us during the war germany denounced the atlantic charter and the lend lease act that the us adopted to support the allied powers prior to entry into the alliance as imperialism directed at dominating and exploiting countries outside of the continental americas 55 hitler denounced american president franklin d roosevelt s invoking of the term freedom to describe us actions in the war and accused the american meaning of freedom to be the freedom for democracy to exploit the world and the freedom for plutocrats within such democracy to exploit the masses 55 history at the end of world war i german citizens felt that their country had been humiliated as a result of the treaty of versailles which included a war guilt clause and forced germany to pay enormous reparations payments and forfeit territories formerly controlled by the german empire and all its colonies the pressure of the reparations on the german economy led to hyperinflation during the early 1920s in 1923 the french occupied the ruhr region when germany defaulted on its reparations payments although germany began to improve economically in the mid 1920s the great depression created more economic hardship and a rise in political forces that advocated radical solutions to germany s woes the nazis under hitler promoted the nationalist stab in the back legend stating that germany had been betrayed by jews and communists the party promised to rebuild germany as a major power and create a greater germany that would include alsace lorraine austria sudetenland and other german populated territories in europe the nazis also aimed to occupy and colonize non german territories in poland the baltic states and the soviet union as part of the nazi policy of seeking lebensraum living space in central and eastern europe germany renounced the versailles treaty and remilitarized the rhineland in march 1936 germany had already resumed conscription and announced the existence of a german air force the luftwaffe and naval force the kriegsmarine in 1935 germany annexed austria in 1938 the sudetenland from czechoslovakia and the memel territory from lithuania in 1939 germany then invaded the rest of czechoslovakia in 1939 creating the protectorate of bohemia and moravia and the country of slovakia on 23 august 1939 germany and the soviet union signed the molotov ribbentrop pact which contained a secret protocol dividing eastern europe into spheres of influence 56 germany s invasion of its part of poland under the pact eight days later 57 triggered the beginning of world war ii by the end of 1941 germany occupied a large part of europe and its military forces were fighting the soviet union nearly capturing moscow however crushing defeats at the battle of stalingrad and the battle of kursk devastated the german armed forces this combined with western allied landings in france and italy led to a three front war that depleted germany s armed forces and resulted in germany s defeat in 1945 occupied territories further information areas annexed by nazi germany and german occupied europe the protectorate of bohemia and moravia was created from the dismemberment of czechoslovakia shortly after germany annexed the sudetenland region of czechoslovakia the slovak republic declared its independence from the rump second czechoslovak republic the new slovak state allied itself with germany the remainder of the country was occupied by german military forces and organized into the protectorate czech civil institutions were preserved but the protectorate was considered within the sovereign territory of germany the general government was the name given to the territories of occupied poland that were not directly annexed into german provinces but like bohemia and moravia was considered within the sovereign territory of germany by the nazi authorities reichskommissariats were established in the netherlands belgium and norway designated as places the germanic populations of which were to be incorporated into the planned greater germanic reich by contrast the reichskommissariats established in the east reichskommissariat ostland in the baltics reichskommissariat ukraine in ukraine were established as colonies for settlement by germans in norway under reichskommissariat norwegen the quisling regime headed by vidkun quisling was installed by the germans as a client regime during the occupation while king haakon vii and the legal government were in exile quisling encouraged norwegians to serve as volunteers in the waffen ss collaborated in the deportation of jews and was responsible for the executions of members of the norwegian resistance movement about 45 000 norwegian collaborators joined the pro nazi party nasjonal samling national union and some police units helped arrest many jews however norway was one of the first countries where resistance during world war ii was widespread before the turning point of the war in 1943 after the war quisling and other collaborators were executed quisling s name has become an international eponym for traitor italy main articles fascist italy latin bloc proposed alliance and military history of italy during world war ii war justifications the duce benito mussolini in an official portrait duce benito mussolini described italy s declaration of war against the western allies of britain and france in june 1940 as the following we are going to war against the plutocratic and reactionary democracies of the west who have invariably hindered the progress and often threatened the very existence of the italian people 58 italy condemned the western powers for enacting sanctions on italy in 1935 for its actions in the second italo ethiopian war that italy claimed was a response to an act of ethiopian aggression against tribesmen in italian eritrea in the walwal incident of 1934 59 italy like germany also justified its actions by claiming that italy needed to territorially expand to provide spazio vitale vital space for the italian nation 60 in october 1938 in the aftermath of the munich agreement italy demanded concessions from france to yield to italy in africa 61 relations between italy and france deteriorated with france s refusal to accept italy s demands 61 france responded to italy s demands with threatening naval manoeuvres as a warning to italy 61 as tensions between italy and france grew hitler made a major speech on 30 january 1939 in which he promised german military support in the case of an unprovoked war against italy 62 italy entered world war ii on 10 june 1940 italy justified its intervention against greece in october 1940 on the allegation that the kingdom of greece was being used by britain against italy mussolini informed this to hitler saying greece is one of the main points of english maritime strategy in the mediterranean 63 italian soldiers in the north african campaign in 1941 italy justified its intervention against yugoslavia in april 1941 by appealing to both italian irredentist claims and the fact of albanian croatian and macedonian separatists not wishing to be part of yugoslavia 64 croatian separatism soared after the assassination of croatian political leaders in the national assembly of yugoslavia in 1928 including the death of stjepan radić and italy endorsed croatian separatist ante pavelić and his fascist ustaše movement that was based and trained in italy with the fascist regime s support prior to intervention against yugoslavia 64 history the intention of the fascist regime was to create a new roman empire in which italy would dominate the mediterranean in 1935 1936 italy invaded and annexed ethiopia and the fascist government proclaimed the creation of the italian empire 65 protests by the league of nations especially the british who had interests in that area led to no serious action although the league did try to enforce economic sanctions upon italy but to no avail the incident highlighted french and british weakness exemplified by their reluctance to alienate italy and lose her as their ally the limited actions taken by the western powers pushed mussolini s italy towards alliance with hitler s germany anyway in 1937 italy left the league of nations and joined the anti comintern pact which had been signed by germany and japan the preceding year in march april 1939 italian troops invaded and annexed albania germany and italy signed the pact of steel on may 22 italian fiat m13 40 tanks in the north african campaign in 1941 italy was ill prepared for war in spite of the fact that it had continuously been involved in conflict since 1935 first with ethiopia in 1935 1936 and then in the spanish civil war on the side of francisco franco s nationalists 66 mussolini refused to heed warnings from his minister of exchange and currency felice guarneri who said that italy s actions in ethiopia and spain meant that italy was on the verge of bankruptcy 67 by 1939 military expenditures by britain and france far exceeded what italy c...
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