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s in exile khomeini remained relevant in iran supporting the protests from beyond iran s borders he proclaimed that freedom and liberation from the bonds of imperialism was imminent 160 tasu a and ashura marches 10 11 december tehran ashura demonstration 11 december 1978 as the days of tasu a and ashura 10 and 11 december approached to prevent a deadly showdown the shah began to draw back in negotiations with ayatollah shariatmadari the shah ordered the release of 120 political prisoners and karim sanjabi and on 8 december revoked the ban on street demonstrations permits were issued for the marchers and troops were removed from the procession s path in turn shariatmadari pledged that to make sure that there would be no violence during the demonstrations 134 on 10 and 11 december 1978 the days of tasu a and ashura between 6 and 9 million anti shah demonstrators marched throughout iran according to one historian even discounting for exaggeration these figures may represent the largest protest event in history 161 the marches were led by ayatollah taleghani and national front leader karim sanjabi thus symbolizing the unity of the secular and religious opposition the mullahs and bazaaris effectively policed the gathering and protesters who attempted to initiate violence were restrained 127 more than 10 of the country marched in anti shah demonstrations on the two days possibly a higher percentage than any previous revolution it is rare for a revolution to involve as much as 1 of a country s population the french russian and romanian revolutions may have passed the 1 mark 32 revolution late 1978 1979 much of iranian society was in euphoria about the coming revolution secular and leftist politicians piled onto the movement seeking to gain power in the aftermath ignoring the fact that khomeini was the very antithesis to all of the positions they supported 18 while it was increasingly clear to more secular iranians that khomeini was not a liberal he was widely perceived as a figurehead and that power would eventually be handed to the secular groups 18 133 demoralization of the army december 1978 a protester giving flowers to an army officer the military leadership was increasingly paralyzed by indecision and rank and file soldiers were demoralized having been forced to confront demonstrators while prohibited from using their own weapons and being condemned by the shah if they did 131 increasingly khomeini called on the soldiers of the armed forces to defect to the opposition 130 119 revolutionaries gave flowers and civilian clothes to deserters while threatening retribution to those who stayed on 11 december a dozen officers were shot dead by their own troops at tehran s lavizan barracks fearing further mutinies many soldiers were returned to their barracks 131 mashhad the second largest city in iran was abandoned to the protesters and in many provincial towns demonstrators were effectively in control 127 american and internal negotiations with the opposition late december 1978 main article jimmy carter s engagement with ruhollah khomeini the carter administration increasingly became locked in a debate about continued support for the monarchy 162 as early as november ambassador william sullivan sent a telegram to carter the thinking the unthinkable telegram 162 the telegram effectively declared his belief that the shah would not survive the protests and that the us should consider withdrawing its support for his government and persuading the monarch to abdicate the united states would then help assemble a coalition of pro western military officers middle class professionals and moderate clergy with khomeini installed as a gandhi like spiritual leader 162 the telegram touched off a vigorous debate in the american cabinet with some such as national security advisor zbigniew brzezinski 162 rejecting it outright secretary of state cyrus vance rejected a military crackdown 127 he and his supporters believed in the moderate and progressive intentions of khomeini and his circle 135 162 increasing contact was established with the pro khomeini camp based on the revolutionaries responses some american officials especially ambassador sullivan felt khomeini genuinely intended to create a democracy 18 according to historian abbas milani this led to the united states facilitating khomeini s rise to power 18 163 164 the shah began to search for a new prime minister one who was a civilian and a member of the opposition on 28 december he secured an agreement with another major national front figure shapour bakhtiar bakhtiar would be appointed prime minister a return to civilian rule while the shah and his family would leave the country his royal duties would be carried out by a regency council and three months after his departure a referendum would be submitted to the people deciding on whether iran would remain a monarchy or become a republic a former opponent of the shah bakhtiar became motivated to join the government because he was increasingly aware of khomeini s intentions to implement hard line religious rule rather than a democracy 19 karim sanjabi immediately expelled bakhtiar from the national front and bakhtiar was denounced by khomeini who declared that acceptance of his government was the equivalent of obedience to false gods 18 165 the shah leaves 16 january 1979 main article regency council iran shah and his wife shahbanu farah leaving iran on 16 january 1979 ayatollah khomeini giving a speech after arranging a press conference at neauphle le château france the day after the departure of the shah front cover of ettela at 16 january 1979 featuring the now famous headline the shah is gone the front cover of the same day s edition of kayhan featured the same headline the shah wanting to see bakhtiar established kept delaying his departure consequently to the iranian public bakhtiar was seen as the shah s last prime minister undermining his support 127 american general robert huyser the deputy commander of us european command entered iran 18 while the option of a pro shah military coup still was a possibility huyser met with military leaders but not the shah and established meetings between them and khomeini allies for the purpose of agreeing on bakhtiar s transitional government 18 119 127 166 ambassador sullivan disagreed and attempted to pressure huyser to ignore the military and work directly with khomeini s opposition 127 166 nevertheless huyser won out and continued to work with both the military and opposition he left iran on 3 february 127 166 the shah was privately embittered by huyser s mission and felt that the united states no longer wanted him in power 119 on the morning of 16 january 1979 bakhtiar was officially appointed prime minister the same day a tearful shah and his family left iran for exile in egypt never to return 18 bakhtiar s premiership and ayatollah khomeini s return january february 1979 main articles ruhollah khomeini s return to iran council of the islamic revolution and interim government of iran 1979 you will see we are not in any particular animosity with the americans ayatollah khomeini in a secret message to the carter administration january 27th 1979 167 cartoon depicting shapour bakhtiar and mosaddegh on 22 january 1978 issue of ettela at during the revolution when the news of the shah s departure was announced from newspapers and news at 2 pm on iran s national radio there were spontaneous scenes of joy throughout the country millions poured onto the streets and virtually every remaining sign of the monarchy was torn down by the crowds 127 168 bakhtiar dissolved savak and freed all remaining political prisoners he ordered the army to allow mass demonstrations promised free elections and invited the revolutionaries into a government of national unity 165 169 video of people welcoming ayatollah khomeini in the streets of tehran after his return from exile bakhtiar invited khomeini back to iran with the intention of creating a vatican like state in the holy city of qom declaring that we will soon have the honor of welcoming home the ayatollah khomeini 165 on 1 february 1979 khomeini returned to tehran in a chartered air france boeing 747 170 the welcoming crowd of several million iranians was so large he was forced to take a helicopter after the car taking him from the airport was overwhelmed by enthusiastic supporters 171 khomeini was now not only the undisputed leader of the revolution 5 172 he had become someone seen as a divinely appointed figure greeted as he descended from his airplane with cries of khomeini o imam we salute you peace be upon you 173 crowds were now known to chant islam islam khomeini we will follow you and even khomeini for king 174 when asked by a reporter how he felt returning to his home country after a long exile khomeini replied nothing on the day of his arrival khomeini made clear his rejection of bakhtiar s government in a speech promising i shall kick their teeth in i appoint the government i appoint the government in support of this nation 165 on 5 february at his headquarters in the refah school in southern tehran he declared a provisional revolutionary government appointed opposition leader mehdi bazargan from the religious nationalist freedom movement affiliated with the national front as his own prime minister and commanded iranians to obey bazargan as a religious duty 140 19 127 165 t hrough the guardianship velayat that i have from the holy lawgiver god i hereby pronounce bazargan as the ruler and since i have appointed him he must be obeyed the nation must obey him this is not an ordinary government it is a government based on the sharia opposing this government means opposing the sharia of islam revolt against god s government is a revolt against god revolt against god is blasphemy 175 176 angered bakhtiar made a speech of his own reaffirming himself as the legitimate leader he declared that iran has one government more than this is intolerable either for me or for you or for any other iranian as a muslim i had not heard that jihad refers to one muslim against other muslims i will not give permission to ayatollah khomeini to form an interim government in life there comes a time when one must stand firm and say no i have never seen a book about an islamic republic neither has anyone else for that matter some of the people surrounding the ayatollah are like violent vultures the clergy should go to qom and build a wall around themselves and create their own vatican 165 armed battles and collapse of the monarchy february 1979 see also homafaran allegiance tensions between the two rival governments increased rapidly to demonstrate his support khomeini called for demonstrators to occupy the streets throughout the country he also sent a letter to american officials warning them to withdraw support for bakhtiar 18 bakhtiar became increasingly isolated with members of the government including the entire regency council defecting to khomeini the military was crumbling its leadership completely paralyzed unsure of whether to support bakhtiar or act on their own with rank and file soldiers either demoralized or deserting 127 131 on 9 february a rebellion of pro khomeini air force technicians broke out at the doshan tappeh air base a unit of the pro shah immortal guards attempted to apprehend the rebels and an armed battle broke out soon large crowds took to the streets building barricades and supporting the rebels while islamic marxist guerillas with their weapons joined in support 127 iranian armed rebels during the revolution the armed rebels attacked a weapons factory capturing nearly 50 000 machine guns and distributing them to civilians who joined in the fighting the rebels stormed police stations and military bases throughout tehran the city s martial law commander general mehdi rahimi decided not to use his 30 000 loyal immortal guards to crush the rebellion for fear of producing civilian casualties 156 11 february army announcement signed by top generals proclaiming its political neutrality the final collapse of the bakhtiar s government came at 10 am local time on 11 february when the supreme military council declared itself neutral in the current political disputes in order to prevent further disorder and bloodshed 177 178 all military personnel were ordered back to their bases effectively yielding control of the entire country to khomeini 131 revolutionaries took over government buildings tv and radio stations and palaces of the pahlavi dynasty marking the end of the monarchy in iran bakhtiar escaped the palace under a hail of bullets fleeing iran in disguise citation needed this period from 1 to 11 february is celebrated every year in iran as the decade of fajr 179 11 february is islamic revolution s victory day a national holiday with state sponsored demonstrations in every city 180 181 casualties further information casualties of the iranian revolution some sources such as emadeddin baghi a researcher at the martyrs foundation claim 2 781 protesters and revolutionaries were killed in 1978 79 during the revolution 182 note 8 khomeini reported a much larger number saying 60 000 men women and children were martyred by the shah s regime 183 182 184 military historian spencer c tucker rejected this 60 000 figure as grossly overstated for propaganda purposes 185 tucker explains that the consensus of historians regarding estimated deaths during the iranian revolution from january 1978 to february 1979 numbers between 532 and 2 781 185 according to the historian ervand abrahamian 8 000 opponents were executed between june 1981 and june 1985 by revolutionary courts as the revolution was consolidated exceeded those killed by the royalist government trying to stop the revolution 186 according to tucker s estimations in the period of 1980 to 1985 between 25 000 and 40 000 iranians were arrested 15 000 iranians were tried and between 8 000 and 9 500 iranians were executed although un sources note that other estimates are far higher 185 187 in 2025 the iranian government created a parking lot by paving over a section of behesht e zahra cemetery in tehran that had held the remains of an estimated 5 000 to 7 000 victims of the mass executions that followed the 1979 revolution the year before united nations special rapporteur javaid rehman described the regime s pattern of destroying graveyards as an attempt to conceal or erase data that could serve as potential evidence to avoid legal accountability 188 187 songs of iranian revolution see also we are armed with allahu akbar and payandeh bada iran the songs most closely associated with the revolution are epic ballads composed during and in support of the islamic revolution and in opposition to the pahlavi dynasty 189 before the revolution was consolidated these chants were made by various political supporters and were often recorded on cassette tapes in underground and home studios in schools these songs were sung ...
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