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at night translated by w j johnson oxford university press 1998 p 13 isbn 9780192823618 singh 2009 pp 18 21 1 2 witzel 1995 hiltebeitel 2005 p 5594 gupta and ramachandran 1976 p 246 who summarize as follows astronomical calculations favor 15th century bce as the date of the war while the puranic data place it in the 10th 9th century bce archaeological evidence points towards the latter p 254 the chronology of india from manu to mahabharata isbn 978 8194321309 arya vedveer 30 september 2016 the epoch of śaka era a critical study indiafacts comparison with the nasa list of eclipses that the author refers to shows that all bc dates in this article are out by one year possibly due to the author misreading dates given in astronomical year numbering in the list with 582 bc being given as 583 bc and so on r c majumdar and a d pusalker editors the history and culture of the indian people volume i the vedic age bombay bharatiya vidya bhavan 1951 p 320 fn 4 singh 2010 p chapter 7 pp 202 252 302 iyengar rangachar narayana historicity of celestial observations of mahābhārata pdf quarterly journal of the mythic society xciv koch dieter 2015 astronomical dating of the mahābhārata war pdf p 395 daftari k l 1942 the astronomical method and its application to the chronology of ancient india pp 40 45 ganguly 1984 warder 2000 p 45 klostermaier 2014 chronology witzel 1990 p 1 witzel 1990 p 2 1 2 3 trautmann 2005 p xxx 1 2 trautmann 2005 p xxviii ramasami jeyakumar 21 february 2014 indus script based on sanskrit language sci news retrieved 2015 09 08 witzel 2001 bryant edwin f patton laurie l 2005 the indo aryan controversy evidence and inference in indian history routledge erdosy 2012 the indo aryans of ancient south asia language material culture and ethnicity walter de gruyter isbn 9783110816433 bryant edwin 2001 the quest for the origins of vedic culture the indo aryan migration debate oxford university press isbn 0 19 513777 9 bryant edwin f 1996 linguistic substrata and the indigenous aryan debate fosse lars martin 2005 aryan past and post colonial present the polemics and politics of indigenous aryanism in bryant edwin patton laurie l eds the indo aryan controversy evidence and inference in indian history routledge ravinutala abhijith 2013 politicizing the past depictions of indo aryans in indian textbooks from 1998 2007 gyanendra pandey 2006 routine violence nations fragments histories stanford university press p 103 1 2 3 carol schaeffer 2018 alt reich the unholy alliance between india and the new global wave of white supremacy the caravan p 42 1 2 kak 1987 kak 1993 kak 1996 sudhir bhargava 2017 brahmavarta the land of aryans located sanskriti sources edit printed sources edit brockington j l 1998 the sanskrit epics brill isbn 90 04 10260 4 collins charles dillard 1988 the iconography and ritual of śiva at elephanta suny press isbn 978 0 88706 773 0 flood gavin d 1996 an introduction to hinduism cambridge university press flood gavin ed 2003 the blackwell companion to hinduism blackwell publishing isbn 0 631 21535 2 ganguly dilip kumar 1984 history and historians in ancient india abhinav publications isbn 978 0 391 03250 7 hiltebeitel alf 2005 mahabaratha in jones lindsay ed macmillan encyclopedia of religion macmillan kak subhash 1987 on the chronology of ancient india pdf indian journal of history of science 22 222 234 archived from the original pdf on 2015 01 22 retrieved 2015 01 22 kak subhash 1993 astronomy of the vedic alters pdf vistas in astronomy vol 36 pp 117 140 issn 0083 6656 archived from the original pdf on 2014 06 10 retrieved 2015 01 22 kak subhash 1996 knowledge of planets in the third millennium bc pdf quarterly journal of the royal astronomical society 37 709 715 bibcode 1996qjras 37 709k kak subhash 2001 on the chronological framework for indian culture pdf journal of indian council of philosophical research klostermaier k k 2014 hinduism a short history oneworld publications isbn 978 1 78074 680 7 retrieved 2025 02 03 olivelle patrick 2005 manu s code of law oxford university press isbn 978 0195171464 rocher ludo 1986 2 2 4 the purāņas as historical documents the purāṇas history of indian literature otto harrassowitz verlag pp 115 132 isbn 978 3 447 02522 5 retrieved 2024 09 23 singh g p 2004 the puranic tradition of historiography in india indian historical review 31 1 2 1 17 doi 10 1177 037698360403100201 issn 0376 9836 singh upinder 2006 delhi ancient history berghahn books isbn 9788187358299 singh upinder 2008 history of ancient and early medieval india from the stone age to the 12th century pearson education india singh upinder 2009 history of ancient and early medieval india from the stone age to the 12th century longman isbn 978 8131716779 singh bal ram 2010 origin of indian civilization first ed dartmouth center for indic studies university of massachusetts and d k printworld new delhi isbn 978 8124605608 archived from the original on 2016 03 04 thapar romila 2013 the past before us harvard university press isbn 978 0 674 72651 2 trautmann thomas 2005 the aryan debate oxford university press warder a k 2000 indian buddhism delhi motilal banarsidass publishers witzel michael 1990 on indian historical writing the case of the vaṃśāvalīs journal of the japanese association for south asian studies 1 1 57 witzel michael 1995 early sanskritization origin and development of the kuru state pdf ejvs 1 4 archived from the original pdf on 2007 06 11 witzel michael e j 2001 autochthonous aryans the evidence from old indian and iranian texts electronic journal of vedic studies 7 3 1 115 web sources edit the vedic foundation chronology 1 2 the vedic foundation introduction wendy doniger 2008 mahabharata hindu literature encyclopædia britannica online archived from the original on 2008 05 10 retrieved 2008 10 13 further reading edit frawley david 1993 gods sages and kings vedic secrets of ancient civilization motilal banarsidass publ external links edit indigenous understanding of puranic chronology chronological chart of the history of bharatvarsh since its origination royal chronology and history of india bharat hindu timeline reclaiming the chronology of bharatvam archived 2023 02 01 at the wayback machine bharatiya timeline archived 2023 02 01 at the wayback machine the history of bharata or india according to indian astronomy scholarly studies of indian history sahal muhammed 2019 how science has destroyed the foundation of rss idea of india v t e hinduism topics glossary index timeline philosophy concepts brahman om ishvara atman maya karma saṃsāra puruṣārthas dharma artha kama moksha niti ahimsa asteya aparigraha brahmacharya satya dāna damah dayā akrodha schools āstika samkhya yoga nyaya vaisheshika mīmāṃsā vedanta svābhāvika bhedābheda dvaita advaita vishishtadvaita nāstika charvaka texts classification śruti smṛti vedas rigveda yajurveda samaveda atharvaveda divisions samhita brahmana aranyaka upanishads aitareya kaushitaki brihadaranyaka isha taittiriya katha maitrayaniya shvetashvatara chandogya kena mundaka mandukya prashna upavedas ayurveda dhanurveda natyaveda sthapatyaveda vedanga shiksha chandas vyākaraṇa nirukta kalpa jyotisha other bhagavad gita agamas itihasas ramayana mahabharata puranas minor upanishads arthashastra nitisara dharmaśāstra manusmriti nāradasmṛti yājñavalkya smṛti sutras stotras subhashita tantras yoga vasistha yoga sutras of patanjali sangam literature tirumurai divya prabandham tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai thiruppugal thirukkural kamba ramayanam five great epics eighteen greater texts eighteen lesser texts athichudi iraiyanar akapporul abhirami antati thiruvilaiyadal puranam vinayagar agaval vedarthasamgraha deities gods trimurti brahma vishnu shiva agni dattatreya ganesha hanuman indra kartikeya krishna rama surya varuna vayu more goddesses tridevi saraswati lakshmi parvati bhumi durga kali mahavidya matrika radha rukmini sati shakti shashthi sita more practices worship temple murti puja bhakti japa bhajan naivedhya yajna homa tapas dhyāna tirthatana sanskaras garbhadhana pumsavana simantonayana jatakarma namakarana nishkramana annaprashana chudakarana karnavedha vidyarambha upanayana keshanta ritushuddhi samavartanam vivaha antyeshti varnashrama varna brahmin kshatriya vaishya shudra ashrama brahmacharya grihastha vanaprastha sannyasa festivals diwali holi shivaratri raksha bandhan navaratri durga puja ramlila vijayadashami ganesh chaturthi rama navami janmashtami onam pongal makar sankranti new year bihu gudi padwa pahela baishakh puthandu vaisakhi vishu ugadi kumbh mela haridwar nashik prayag ujjain ratha yatra teej vasant panchami others other svādhyāya namaste bindi tilaka related hindus etymology list denominations law calendar anti hindu sentiment criticism hindu gurus and sants hindu studies iconography mythology nationalism hindutva persecution pilgrimage sites bahi registers india relations with other religions baháʼí buddhism islam jainism judaism sikhism theosophy glossary hinduism by country hindu temples lists architecture outline category portal wikiproject v t e mahabharata traditional author and narrators vyasa vaisampayana ugrashrava sauti books parva s adi sabha vana virata udyoga bhishma bhagavad gita drona karna shalya sauptika stri shanti anushasana ashvamedhika ashramavasika mausala mahaprasthanika svargarohana kingdoms and tribes kuru hastinapur indraprastha kurukshetra panchala kampilya ahichchhatra anarta dvaraka gandhara matsya upaplavya madra kunti magadha chedi kashi kosala sindhu shalva avanti anga kekaya kalinga vidarbha pandya trigarta bahlikas kambojas yadavas vrishni bhoja nishadas more major events sarpa satra lakshagriha svayamvara mayasabha rajasuya vanavasa ghoshyatra ajnatavasa kurukshetra war vishvarupa chakravyūha ashvamedha characters pandava alliance pandavas yudhishthira bhima arjuna nakula sahadeva krishna role in the mahabharata dhrishtadyumna drupada virata satyaki abhimanyu shikhandi dhrishtaketu ghatotkacha uttamaujas and yudhamanyu draupadeyas yuyutsu iravan uttara sahadeva jayatsena kaurava alliance kauravas duryodhana duhshasana vikarna 97 more bhishma drona karna shalya ashvatthama shakuni kripa jayadratha kritavarma bahlika bhurishravas bhagadatta vinda and anuvinda susharma sudakshina shrutayudha lakshmana uluka vrishasena remaining kuru family shantanu satyavati chitrangada vichitravirya ambika ambalika dhritarashtra gandhari pandu kunti madri vidura draupadi subhadra ulupi chitrāngadā babhruvahana uttarā parikshit janamejaya duhshala other notable amba balarama chitrasena deva agni ashvins brahma dharma indra shiva surya varuna vayu vishnu dhaumya durvasa ekalavya ganga hanuman hidimba hidimbi jarasandha jatasura kichaka kindama lomasha narada parashurama purochana rukmi samvarana sanjaya satyabhama shishupala sudeshna tapati vyasa more upakhyana minor episodes nala upakhyana nala damayanti pushkara rama upakhyana rama sita lakshmana ravana savitri upakhyana shakuntala dushyanta bharata kanva yayati devayani sharmishtha yadu puru madhavi related avatars kingdoms vedic era epic puranic chronology harivamsha sarasvati river category v t e ramayana ikshvaku dynasty dasharatha kausalya sumitra kaikeyi rama bharata lakshmana shatrughna sita urmila mandavi shrutakirti lava kusha vanara hanuman sugriva vali angada tara rumā nala nila kesari anjana makaradhwaja rakshasa ravana vibhishana kumbhakarna indrajit akshayakumara atikaya kabandha khara dushana mandodari dhanyamalini lavanasura malyavan maricha mayasura narantaka devantaka prahasta sarama subahu sulochana sumali shurpanakha tataka trijata trishira viradha sages agastya ahalya arundhati bharadvaja kambhoja parashurama vasishtha vishvamitra rishyasringa valmiki other figures and concepts lakshmana rekha jambavan janaka kushadhvaja jatayu manthara maya sita sampati shabari shanta shravana kumara vedavati shambuka places ayodhya mithila dandakaranya kishkindha lanka oshadhiparvata books kandas bala ayodhya aranya kishkindha sundara yuddha uttara versions adbhuta ramayana sanskrit adhyathmaramayanam malayalam adhyatma ramayana sanskrit ananda ramayana sanskrit bhanubhakta ramayana nepali bhaṭṭikāvya sanskrit bilanka ramayana odia hikayat seri rama malay jagamohana ramayana odia kakawin ramayana old javanese kamba ramayanam tamil krittivasi ramayana bengali maharadia lawana maranao molla ramayanam telugu phra lak phra ram lao raghunatha ramayana telugu ramakien thai ramayana kalpavruksham telugu ramcharitmanas awadhi ranganatha ramayanamu telugu reamker khmer saptakanda ramayana assamese sri ramayana darshanam kannnada sri ramayanamu telugu trai bhet khmer yama zatdaw burmese related ramlila 108 metres mithila s ramayana painting v t e religion outline timeline aspects apostasy disaffiliation behaviour clergy monasticism monk novice nun ordination priest conversion assimilation missionary proselytism denomination education school laity orthodoxy orthopraxy prayer call ritual liturgy purification sacrifice symbols text theism monotheism pantheism polytheism transtheism worship astral nature fire place beliefs covenant deity faith entheogens experience meditation mysticism mythology prophecy sacred space bodies of water groves mountains trees salvation soul spirituality animism supernatural truth water studies anthropology cognitive science comparative evolutionary origin of religion evolutionary psychology history neurotheology philosophy psychology sociology soteriology theology theories about religion religion and society agriculture business clericalism laicism disability fanaticism freedom pluralism syncretism toleration universalism fundamentalism growth gender women happiness lgbtq people homosexuality intersex people transgender people minorities politics religiocentrism schism science sexuality state suicide theocracy vegetarianism video games violence persecution terrorism war sectarian wealth secularism and irreligion antireligion criticism deconstruction nontheism agnosticism atheism secular humanism secular religion secular theology secularization separation of church and state lists deification deities in monotheism founders index mass gatherings organizations religions and spiritual traditions new religious movements religious populations countries by importance of religion religious sites religious groups and denominations ethnic folk major indigenous altaic mongolian turkic tengrism tungusic evenki manchu austronesian batak parmalim dayak kaharingan indonesian aliran kepercayaan kejawèn kapitayan karo pemena malaysian traditional sabahan religions philippine dayawism tagalog polynesian hawaiian māori sumbese marapu sundanese wiwitan east asian chinese folk religion confucianism luo teaching nuo shinto list shugendō ryukyuan taoism folk taoism yao taoism korean shamanism cheondoism jeungsanism vietnamese folk religion đạo mẫu hoahaoism đạo bửu sơn kỳ hương indo iranian kalash sarnaism kiratism vedda 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