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s son in law alfonso i of aragon in 1109 his stepson and alfonso vi s grandson alfonso vii was the only one who actually had an imperial coronation in 1135 the title was not exactly hereditary but self proclaimed by those who had wholly or partially united the christian northern part of the iberian peninsula often at the expense of killing rival siblings the popes and holy roman emperors protested at the usage of the imperial title as a usurpation of leadership in western christendom after alfonso vii s death in 1157 the title was abandoned and the kings who used it are not commonly mentioned as having been emperors in spanish or other historiography after the fall of the byzantine empire the legitimate heir to the throne andreas palaiologos willed away his claim to ferdinand and isabella in 1503 26 portugal edit john vi king of portugal and the algarves emperor of brazil after the independence and proclamation of the empire of brazil from the united kingdom of portugal brazil and the algarves by prince regent pedro who became emperor in 1822 his father king john vi of portugal briefly held the honorific style of titular emperor of brazil and the treatment of his imperial and royal majesty under the 1825 treaty of rio de janeiro by which portugal recognised the independence of brazil the style of titular emperor was a life title and became extinct upon the holder s demise john vi held the imperial title for a few months only from the ratification of the treaty in november 1825 until his death in march 1826 during those months however as john s imperial title was purely honorific while his son pedro i remained the sole monarch of the brazilian empire duarte pio is the current head of the house of braganza great britain edit main article british emperor in the late 3rd century by the end of the epoch of the barracks emperors in rome there were two britannic emperors reigning for about a decade after the end of roman rule in britain the imperator cunedda forged the kingdom of gwynedd in northern wales but all his successors were titled kings and princes england edit there was no consistent title for the king of england before 1066 and monarchs chose to style themselves as they pleased imperial titles were used inconsistently beginning with athelstan in 930 and ended with the norman conquest of england empress matilda 1102 1167 is the only english monarch commonly referred to as emperor or empress but she acquired her title through her marriage to henry v holy roman emperor during the rule of henry viii the statute in restraint of appeals declared that this realm of england is an empire governed by one supreme head and king having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial crown of the same this was in the context of the divorce of catherine of aragon and the english reformation to emphasise that england had never accepted the quasi imperial claims of the papacy hence england and by extension its modern successor state the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland is according to english law an empire ruled by a king endowed with the imperial dignity however this has not led to the creation of the title of emperor in england nor in great britain nor in the united kingdom united kingdom edit george v king of the united kingdom and the british dominions emperor of india in 1801 george iii rejected the title of emperor when offered the only period when british monarchs held the title of emperor in a dynastic succession started when the title empress of india was created for queen victoria 27 the government led by prime minister benjamin disraeli conferred the additional title upon her by an act of parliament reputedly to assuage the monarch s irritation at being as a mere queen notionally inferior to the emperors of russia germany and austria that included her own daughter princess victoria who was the wife of the reigning german emperor hence queen victoria felt handicapped in the battle of protocol by not being an empress herself 28 the indian imperial designation was also formally justified as the expression of britain succeeding the former mughal emperor as suzerain over hundreds of princely states the indian independence act 1947 provided for the abolition of the use of the title emperor of india by the british monarch but this was not executed by king george vi until a royal proclamation on 22 june 1948 despite this george vi continued as king of india until 1950 and as king of pakistan until his death in 1952 the last empress of india was george vi s wife queen elizabeth the queen mother german empire edit main article german emperor wilhelm ii german emperor and king of prussia under the guise of idealism giving way to realism german nationalism rapidly shifted from its liberal and democratic character in 1848 to prussian prime minister otto von bismarck s authoritarian realpolitik bismarck wanted to unify the rival german states to achieve his aim of a conservative prussian dominated germany three wars led to military successes and helped to convince german people to do this the second war of schleswig against denmark in 1864 the austro prussian war against austria in 1866 and the franco prussian war against the second french empire in 1870 71 during the siege of paris in 1871 the north german confederation supported by its allies from southern germany formed the german empire with the proclamation of the prussian king wilhelm i as german emperor in the hall of mirrors at the palace of versailles 29 to the humiliation of the french who ceased to resist only days later after his death he was succeeded by his son frederick iii who was only emperor for 99 days in the same year his son wilhelm ii became the third emperor within a year he was the last german emperor after the empire s defeat in world war i the empire called the german reich had a president as head of state instead of an emperor the use of the word reich was abandoned following world war ii russia edit main article emperor of russia empress catherine the great of russia in 1472 the niece of the last byzantine emperor sophia palaiologina married ivan iii grand prince of moscow who began championing the idea of russia being the successor to the byzantine empire this idea was represented more emphatically in the composition the monk filofej addressed to their son vasili iii in 1480 after ending muscovy s dependence on its overlords of the great horde ivan iii began the usage of the titles tsar and autocrat samoderzhets his insistence on recognition as such by the emperor of the holy roman empire since 1489 resulted in the granting of this recognition in 1514 by emperor maximilian i to vasili iii his son ivan iv emphatically crowned himself tsar of russia on 16 january 1547 the word tsar derives from latin caesar but this title was used in russia as equivalent to king the error occurred when medieval russian clerics referred to the biblical jewish kings with the same title that was used to designate roman and byzantine rulers caesar on 31 october 1721 peter i was proclaimed emperor by the governing senate the title used was latin imperator which is a westernising form equivalent to the traditional slavic title tsar he based his claim partially upon a letter discovered in 1717 written in 1514 from maximilian i to vasili iii in which the holy roman emperor used the term in referring to vasili a formal address to the ruling russian monarch adopted thereafter was your imperial majesty the crown prince was addressed as your imperial highness the title has not been used in russia since the abdication of emperor nicholas ii on 15 march 1917 the russian empire produced four reigning empresses all in the eighteenth century these were catherine i anne elizabeth and catherine ii the role of head of the house of romanov is claimed by grand duchess maria vladimirovna great great granddaughter of alexander ii prince andrew romanoff great great grandson of nicholas i and prince karl emich of leiningen great grandson of grand duke kirill vladimirovich serbia edit main articles serbian empire and emperor of serbs emperor of serbia dušan the mighty in 1345 the serbian king stefan uroš iv dušan proclaimed himself emperor tsar and was crowned as such at skopje on easter 1346 by the newly created serbian patriarch and by the patriarch of bulgaria and the autocephalous archbishop of ohrid his imperial title was recognised by the bulgarian empire and various other neighbours and trading partners but not by the byzantine empire in its final standardised form the serbian imperial title read emperor of serbs and greeks цар срба и грка car srba i grka in modern serbian it was only employed by two monarchs in serbia stefan uroš iv dušan and his son stefan uroš v becoming extinct after the latter s death in 1371 a half brother of dušan simeon uroš and then his son jovan uroš claimed the same title until the latter s abdication in 1373 while ruling as dynasts in thessaly the greek component in the serbian imperial title indicates both rule over greek speakers and the derivation of the imperial tradition from the romans 30 a renegade hungarian serb commander jovan nenad who claimed to be a descendant of serbian and byzantine rulers styled himself emperor the americas edit pre columbian traditions edit emperor moctezuma ii of the aztec empire wearing a tilmàtli the aztec and inca traditions are unrelated to one another both were conquered under the reign of king charles i of spain who was simultaneously emperor elect of the holy roman empire during the fall of the aztecs and fully emperor during the fall of the incas incidentally by being king of spain he was also roman byzantine emperor in pretence through andreas palaiologos the translations of their titles were provided by the spanish aztec empire edit main article es huey tlatoani the only pre columbian north american rulers to be commonly called emperors were the huey tlatoani of the mexica city states of tenochtitlan tlacopan and texcoco which along with their allies and tributaries are popularly known as the aztec empire 1375 1521 tlatoani is a generic nahuatl word for speaker however most english translators use king for their translation thus rendering huey tlatoani as great king or emperor 31 the triple alliance was an elected monarchy chosen by the elite the emperors of tenochtitlan and texcoco were nominally equals each receiving two fifths of tribute from the vassal kingdoms whereas the emperor of tlacopan was a junior member and only received one fifth of the tribute 32 due to the fact that tlacopan was a newcomer to the alliance despite the nominal equality tenochtitlan eventually assumed a de facto dominant role in the empire to the point that even the emperors of tlacopan and texcoco would acknowledge tenochtitlan s effective supremacy spanish conquistador hernán cortés executed emperor cuauhtémoc and installed puppet rulers who became vassals for spain inca empire edit main article sapa inca the only pre columbian south american rulers to be commonly called emperors were the sapa inca of the inca empire 1438 1533 spanish conquistador francisco pizarro conquered the inca for spain killed emperor atahualpa and installed puppets as well atahualpa may actually be considered a usurper as he had achieved power by killing his half brother and he did not perform the required coronation with the imperial crown mascaipacha by the huillaq uma high priest post columbian americas edit brazil edit main article emperor of brazil pedro ii emperor of brazil wearing the imperial regalia at the opening of the general assembly portrait by pedro américo 1872 when napoleon i ordered the invasion of portugal in 1807 because it refused to join the continental system the portuguese braganzas moved their capital to rio de janeiro to avoid the fate of the spanish bourbons napoleon i arrested them and made his brother joseph king when the french general jean andoche junot arrived in lisbon the portuguese fleet had already left with all the local elite in 1808 under a british naval escort the fleet arrived in brazil later in 1815 the portuguese prince regent later king as joão vi proclaimed the united kingdom of portugal brazil and the algarves as a union of three kingdoms lifting brazil from its colonial status after the fall of napoleon and the liberal revolution in portugal the portuguese royal family returned to europe 1821 prince pedro of braganza king joão s older son stayed in south america acting as regent of the local kingdom but in 1822 he proclaimed himself emperor of brazil under the regnal name of pedro i he did however recognise his father joão vi as titular emperor of brazil a purely honorific title until joão vi s death in 1826 the empire came to an end in 1889 with the overthrow of emperor pedro ii pedro i s son and successor when the brazilian republic was proclaimed today the headship of the imperial house of brazil is disputed between two branches of the house of orléans braganza the vassouras branch headed by bertrand of orléans braganza and the petrópolis branch headed by pedro carlos of orléans braganza both bertrand and pedro carlos are great great grandsons of emperor pedro ii haiti edit main article emperor of haiti haiti was declared an empire by its ruler jean jacques dessalines who made himself jacques i on 20 may 1805 he was assassinated the next year 33 haiti again became an empire from 1849 to 1859 under faustin soulouque mexico edit main article emperor of mexico portrait of maximilian i of mexico by franz xaver winterhalter in mexico the first mexican empire was the first of two empires created after the declaration of independence on 15 september 1821 it was the intention of the mexican parliament to establish a commonwealth whereby the king of spain ferdinand vii would also be emperor of mexico but in which both countries were to be governed by separate laws and with their own legislative offices should the king refuse the position the law provided for a member of the house of bourbon to accede to the mexican throne ferdinand vii however did not recognise the independence and said that spain would not allow any other european prince to take the throne of mexico by request of parliament the president of the regency agustín de iturbide was proclaimed emperor of mexico on 12 july 1822 as agustín i agustín de iturbide was the general who helped secure mexican independence from spanish rule but was overthrown by the plan of casa mata in 1863 the invading french under napoleon iii see above in alliance with mexican conservatives and nobility helped create the second mexican empire and invited archduke maximilian of the house of habsburg lorraine younger brother of the austrian emperor franz josef i to become emperor maximilian i of mexico the childless maximilian and his consort empress carlota of mexico daughter of leopold i of belgium adopted agustín s grandsons agustin and salvador as his heirs to b...
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