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cheeks the japanese name means pale greenish blue spring onion color or indigo shūsui 秋翠 means autumn green the shūsui was created in 1910 by yoshigoro akiyama 秋山 吉五郎 by crossing japanese asagi with german mirror carp citation needed the fish has no scales except for a single line of large mirror scales dorsally extending from head to tail the most common type of shūsui has a pale sky blue gray color above the lateral line and red or orange and very very rarely bright yellow below the lateral line and on the cheeks koromo 衣 is a white fish with a kōhaku style pattern with blue or black edged scales only over the hi pattern this variety first arose in the 1950s as a cross between a kōhaku and an asagi citation needed the most commonly encountered koromo is an ai goromo 藍衣 which is colored like a kōhaku except each of the scales within the red patches has a blue or black edge to it less common is the budō goromo 葡萄衣 which has a darker burgundy hi overlay that gives it the appearance of bunches of grapes very rarely seen is the sumi goromo 墨衣 which is similar to budō goromo but the hi pattern is such a dark burgundy that it appears nearly black kawarimono 変わり物 is a catch all term for koi that cannot be put into one of the other categories this is a competition category and many new varieties of koi compete in this one category it is also known as kawarigoi 変わり鯉 citation needed goshiki 五色 is a dark koi with red kōhaku style hi pattern the japanese name means five colors it appears similar to an asagi with little or no hi below the lateral line and a kōhaku hi pattern over reticulated fishnet pattern scales the base color can range from nearly black to very pale sky blue hikari mujiimono 光無地もの is a variety of which the whole body is one color and the body is shiny and it is called differently depending on the color hikari moyomono 光模樣もの is a koi with colored markings over a metallic base or in two metallic colors hikari utsurimono 光写りもの is a cross between utsurimono series and ōgon kinginrin 金銀鱗 is a koi with metallic glittering metal flake appearing scales the name translates into english as gold and silver scales it is often abbreviated to ginrin ginrin versions of almost all other varieties of koi occur and they are fashionable their sparkling glittering scales contrast to the smooth even metallic skin and scales seen in the ogon varieties recently these characteristics have been combined to create the new ginrin ogon varieties tanchō 丹頂 is any koi with a solitary red patch on its head the fish may be a tanchō shōwa tanchō sanke or even tanchō goshiki it is named for the japanese red crowned crane grus japonensis which also has a red spot on its head chagoi 茶鯉 tea colored this koi can range in color from pale olive drab green or brown to copper or bronze and more recently darker subdued orange shades famous for its docile friendly personality and large size it is considered a sign of good luck among koi keepers ōgon 黄金 is a metallic koi of one color only hikarimono 光者 the most commonly encountered colors are gold platinum and orange cream specimens are very rare ogon compete in the kawarimono category and the japanese name means gold the variety was created by sawata aoki in 1946 from wild carp he caught in 1921 kumonryū 九紋竜 literally nine tattooed dragons is a black doitsu scaled fish with curling white markings the patterns are thought to be reminiscent of japanese ink paintings of dragons they famously change color with the seasons 48 kumonryu compete in the kawarimono category ochiba 落葉 is a light blue gray koi with copper bronze or yellow kohaku style pattern reminiscent of autumn leaves on water the japanese name means fallen leaves kikokuryū 輝黒竜 literally sparkle or glitter black dragon is a metallic skinned version of the kumonryu kin kikokuryū 金輝黒竜 literally gold sparkle black dragon or gold glitter black dragon is a metallic skinned version of the kumonryu with a kōhaku style hi pattern developed by mr seiki igarashi of ojiya city at least six different genetic subvarieties of this general variety are seen ghost koi 人面魚 じんめんぎょ a hybrid of ogon and wild carp with metallic scales is considered by some to be not nishikigoi butterfly koi 鰭長錦鯉 ひれながにしきごい is a hybrid of koi and asian carp with long flowing fins various colorations depend on the koi stock used to cross it also is considered by some to not be nishikigoi doitsu goi ドイツ鯉 originated by crossbreeding numerous different established varieties with scaleless german carp generally fish with only a single line of scales along each side of the dorsal fin also written as 独逸鯉 four main types of doitsu scale patterns exist the most common type referred to above has a row of scales beginning at the front of the dorsal fin and ending at the end of the dorsal fin along both sides of the fin the second type has a row of scales beginning where the head meets the shoulder and running the entire length of the fish along both sides the third type is the same as the second with the addition of a line of often quite large scales running along the lateral line along the side of the fish also referred to as mirror koi the fourth and rarest type is referred to as armor koi and is completely or nearly covered with very large scales that resemble plates of armor it also is called kagami goi 鏡鯉 カガミゴイ or mirror carp ミラーカープ kōhaku tanchō sanke shōwa sanke asagi bekkō gin rin shōwa differences from goldfish edit koi have prominent barbels on the lip that are not visible in goldfish goldfish carassius auratus were developed in china more than a thousand years ago by selectively breeding colored varieties by the song dynasty 960 1279 yellow orange white and red and white colorations had been developed goldfish were introduced to japan in the 16th century and to europe in the 17th century 49 on the other hand most ornamental koi breeds currently distributed worldwide originate from amur carp cyprinus rubrofuscus bred in japan in the first half of the 19th century koi are domesticated amur carp that are selected or culled for color they are not a different species and will revert to the original coloration within a few generations if allowed to breed freely some goldfish varieties such as the common goldfish comet goldfish and shubunkin have body shapes and coloration that are similar to koi and can be difficult to tell apart from koi when immature 50 goldfish and koi can interbreed however as they were developed from different species of carp their offspring are sterile 51 52 health maintenance and longevity edit koi in yu garden shanghai the amur carp is a hardy fish and koi retain that durability koi are coldwater fish but benefit from being kept in the 15 25 c 59 77 f range and do not react well to long cold winter temperatures their immune systems are very weak below 10 c 50 f koi ponds usually have a metre or more of depth in areas of the world that become warm during the summer whereas in areas that have harsher winters ponds generally have a minimum of 1 5 m 5 ft specific pond construction has been evolved by koi keepers intent on raising show quality koi the bright colors of koi put them at a severe disadvantage against predators a white skinned kōhaku is highly noticeable against the dark green of a pond herons kingfishers otters raccoons skunk mink cats foxes and badgers are all capable of spotting out koi and eating them 48 a well designed outdoor pond has areas too deep for herons to stand overhangs high enough above the water that mammals cannot reach in and shade trees overhead to block the view of aerial passers by it may prove necessary to string nets or wires above the surface a pond usually includes a pump and a filtration system to keep the water clear koi are an omnivorous fish they eat a wide variety of foods including peas lettuce and watermelon koi food is designed not only to be nutritionally balanced but also to float so as to encourage them to come to the surface when they are eating koi can be checked for parasites and ulcers naturally koi are bottom feeders with a mouth configuration adapted for that some koi have a tendency to eat mostly from the bottom so food producers create a mixed sinking and floating combination food koi recognize the persons feeding them and gather around them at feeding times they can be trained to take food from one s hand 53 in the winter their digestive systems slow nearly to a halt and they eat very little perhaps no more than nibbles of algae from the bottom feeding is not recommended when the water temperature drops below 10 c 50 f 54 55 care should be taken by hobbyists that proper oxygenation ph stabilization and off gassing occur over the winter in small ponds their appetites do not come back until the water becomes warm in the spring koi have been reported to achieve ages of 100 200 years 56 one famous scarlet koi named hanako was owned by several individuals the last of whom was komei koshihara in july 1974 a study of the growth rings of one of the koi s scales reported that hanako was 226 years old 57 some sources give an accepted age for the species at little more than 50 years 58 59 transport and acclimatisation edit a newly arrived koi is acclimatised by floating its transport container in the holding vat until the water temperatures equalise koi are moved in oxygen filled plastic bags or sealed containers fish are usually fasted for a few days beforehand so that less ammonia accumulates in the transport water on arrival the fish are acclimatised the bag or container is floated in the pond or quarantine tank until the water temperatures equalise after which pond water is added gradually to bridge differences in ph and hardness the transport water itself is discarded rather than added to the pond new koi are then normally quarantined for several weeks to avoid introducing diseases such as koi herpes virus disease edit koi are very hardy with proper care they resist many of the parasites that affect more sensitive tropical fish species such as trichodina epistylis and ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections water changes help reduce the risk of diseases and keep koi from being stressed two of the biggest health concerns among koi breeders are the koi herpes virus khv 60 and rhabdovirus carpio which causes spring viraemia of carp svc no treatment is known for either disease some koi farms in israel use the kv3 vaccine developed by m kotler from the hebrew university of jerusalem and produced by kovax to immunise fish against khv israel is currently the only country in the world to vaccinate koi against the khv the vaccine is injected into the fish when they are under one year old and is accentuated by using an ultraviolet light the vaccine has a 90 success rate 61 and when immunized the fish cannot succumb to a khv outbreak and neither can the immunised koi pass khv onto other fish in a pond 62 only biosecurity measures such as prompt detection isolation and disinfection of tanks and equipment can prevent the spread of the disease and limit the loss of fish stock in 2002 spring viraemia struck an ornamental koi farm in kernersville north carolina and required complete depopulation of the ponds and a lengthy quarantine period for a while after this some koi farmers in neighboring states stopped importing fish for fear of infecting their own stocks 63 64 breeding edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed november 2025 learn how and when to remove this message feeding of a large school when koi naturally breed on their own they tend to spawn in the spring and summer seasons the male will start following the female swimming right behind her and nudging her after the female koi releases her eggs they sink to the bottom of the pond and stay there a sticky outer shell around the egg helps keep it in place so it does not float around although the female can produce many spawns many of the fry do not survive due to being eaten by others like most fish koi reproduce through spawning in which a female lays a vast number of eggs and one or more males fertilize them nurturing the resulting offspring referred to as fry is a tricky and tedious job usually done only by professionals although a koi breeder may carefully select the parents they wish based on their desired characteristics the resulting fry nonetheless exhibit a wide range of color and quality koi produce thousands of offspring from a single spawning however unlike cattle purebred dogs or more relevantly goldfish the large majority of these offspring even from the best champion grade koi are not acceptable as nishikigoi they have no interesting colors or may even be genetically defective these unacceptable offspring are culled at various stages of development based on the breeder s expert eye and closely guarded trade techniques culled fry are usually destroyed or used as feeder fish mostly used for feeding arowana due to the belief that it will enhance its color while older culls within their first year between 3 and 6 inches long also called tosai 65 are often sold as lower grade pond quality koi the semi randomized result of the koi s reproductive process has both advantages and disadvantages for the breeder while it requires diligent oversight to narrow down the favorable result that the breeder wants it also makes possible the development of new varieties of koi within relatively few generations in the wild edit various colors of koi feeding in a pond in qingxiu mountain nanning china see also cyprinus rubrofuscus koi have been accidentally or deliberately released into the wild in every continent except antarctica they quickly revert to the natural coloration of an amur carp within a few generations in many areas they are considered an invasive species and a pest in the states of queensland and new south wales in australia they are considered noxious fish 66 67 in japan koi releases are sometimes held as an event for tourism purposes however as koi is artificial breed this causes genetic pollution by breeding with native carps 68 koi greatly increase the turbidity of the water because they are constantly stirring up the substrate this makes waterways unattractive reduces the abundance of aquatic plants and can render the water unsuitable for swimming or drinking even by livestock in some countries koi have caused so much damage to waterways that vast amounts of money and effort have been spent trying to eradicate them largely unsuccessfully 69 in many areas of north america koi are introduced into the artificial water hazards and ponds on golf courses to keep water borne insect larvae under control through predation in common culture edit 61st nagaoka koi show at yamakoshi branch office nagaoka niigata prefecture japan in japan the koi is a symbol of luck prosperity and good fortune and also of perseverance in the face of adversity 70 ornamental...
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