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se archipelago journal of human genetics 70 1 47 57 doi 10 1038 s10038 024 01295 w pmc 11700843 pmid 39402381 1 2 3 kim soon hee kim ki cheol shin dong jik jin han jun kwak kyoung don han myun soo song joon myong kim won kim wook 4 april 2011 high frequencies of y chromosome haplogroup o2b sry465 lineages in korea a genetic perspective on the peopling of korea investigative genetics 2 1 10 doi 10 1186 2041 2223 2 10 pmc 3087676 pmid 21463511 hong shi 14 july 2005 y chromosome evidence of southern origin of the east asian specific haplogroup o3 m122 the american journal of human genetics 77 3 408 419 bibcode 2005amjhg 77 408s doi 10 1086 444436 pmc 1226206 pmid 16080116 hwang jung hee 20 june 2008 a melas syndrome family harboring two mutations in mitochondrial genome experimental molecular medicine 40 3 354 360 doi 10 3858 emm 2008 40 3 354 pmc 2679288 pmid 18587274 jeong choongwon wang ke wilkin shevan taylor william timothy treal miller bryan k bemmann jan h stahl raphaela chiovelli chelsea knolle florian ulziibayar sodnom khatanbaatar dorjpurev erdenebaatar diimaajav erdenebat ulambayar ochir ayudai ankhsanaa ganbold vanchigdash chuluunkhuu ochir battuga munkhbayar chuluunbat tumen dashzeveg kovalev alexey kradin nikolay bazarov bilikto a miyagashev denis a konovalov prokopiy b zhambaltarova elena miller alicia ventresca haak wolfgang schiffels stephan krause johannes boivin nicole erdene myagmar hendy jessica warinner christina november 2020 a dynamic 6 000 year genetic history of eurasia s eastern steppe cell 183 4 890 904 e29 bibcode 2020cell 183 890j doi 10 1016 j cell 2020 10 015 pmc 7664836 pmid 33157037 guo fei song liqu zhang longnian may 2016 population genetics for 17 y str loci in korean ethnic minority from liaoning province northeast china forensic science international genetics 22 e9 e11 doi 10 1016 j fsigen 2016 01 007 pmid 26818791 zhong hua shi hong qi xue bin xiao chun jie jin li ma runlin z su bing july 2010 global distribution of y chromosome haplogroup c reveals the prehistoric migration routes of african exodus and early settlement in east asia journal of human genetics 55 7 428 435 doi 10 1038 jhg 2010 40 pmid 20448651 zhong h shi h qi x b duan z y tan p p jin l su b ma r z 2011 extended y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into east asia via the northern route molecular biology and evolution 28 1 717 727 doi 10 1093 molbev msq247 pmid 20837606 ge danyang zou ruiqi jin jiaqi et al 2026 ancient genomes reveal the origins and kinship organisation of late bronze age populations in northeastern china archaeological and anthropological sciences 18 98 98 bibcode 2026arans 18 98g doi 10 1007 s12520 026 02466 w via springer nature link hee kim soon 2010 y chromosome homogeneity in the korean population international journal of legal medicine 124 6 653 657 doi 10 1007 s00414 010 0501 1 pmid 20714743 jin han jun tyler smith chris kim wook 16 january 2009 the peopling of korea revealed by analyses of mitochondrial dna and y chromosomal markers plos one 4 1 e4210 bibcode 2009ploso 4 4210j doi 10 1371 journal pone 0004210 pmc 2615218 pmid 19148289 kim young jin jin han jun 2013 dissecting the genetic structure of korean population using genome wide snp arrays genes genom 24 3 cambridge the genetics society of korea published 2014 360 doi 10 1007 s13258 013 0082 8 pan ziqing xu shuhua 2019 population genomics of east asian ethnic groups hereditas 157 49 berlin biomed central published 2020 5 doi 10 1186 s41065 020 00162 w pmc 7724877 pmid 33292737 li xiangping wang mengge su haoran duan shuhan sun yuntao chen hongyu wang zhiyong sun qiuxia yang qingxin chen jing yang ting huang yuguo zhong jie jiang xiucheng ma jinyue chen shijia liu yunhui luo lintao lin xinyu nie shengjie liu chao hu liping he guanglin june 2024 evolutionary history and biological adaptation of han chinese people on the mongolian plateau hlife 2 6 296 313 doi 10 1016 j hlife 2024 04 005 zhou jingbin zhang xianpeng li xin et al 2022 genetic structure and demographic history of northern han people in liaoning province inferred from genome wide array data frontiers in ecology and evolution 10 1014024 bibcode 2022freev 1014024z doi 10 3389 fevo 2022 1014024 he guang lin wang meng ge li ying xiang et al 2022 fine scale north to south genetic admixture profile in shaanxi han chinese revealed by genome wide demographic history reconstruction journal of systematics and evolution 60 4 955 972 bibcode 2022jsyev 60 955h doi 10 1111 jse 12715 su haoran wang mengge li xiangping et al 2024 population genetic admixture and evolutionary history in the shandong peninsula inferred from integrative modern and ancient genomic resources bmc genomics 25 611 611 doi 10 1186 s12864 024 10514 9 pmc 11184692 pmid 38890579 wang chuan chao yeh hui yuan popov alexander 2021 population genomics of east asian ethnic groups nature 7850 591 berlin nature portfolio 413 419 doi 10 1038 s41586 021 03336 2 pmc 7993749 pmid 33618348 reference populations geno 2 0 next generation 2017 the genographic project retrieved 15 may 2017 from link archived 7 february 2017 at the wayback machine eugene y park n d penn arts sciences east asian languages and civilizations retrieved 24 january 2018 from link archived 11 november 2017 at the wayback machine eugene y park from the 7 06 mark of the youtube video to the 7 38 mark of the youtube video archived 5 september 2020 at the wayback machine said secondly on the one hand so many koreans seem to talk to be able to tell one something about his or her gyeongju kim ancestors of a silla kingdom two thousand years ago and yet such a person is unlikely to be able to tell you something about his or her great great grandparents what they were doing hundred years ago what their occupations were where they were living where their family graves are in other words a memory blackout before the twentieth century eugene y park from the 16 54 mark of the youtube video to the 18 54 mark of the youtube video archived 5 july 2020 at the wayback machine said so from this point on then i would like to survey how the koreans descended koreans depending on their ancestors status category have dealt with genealogy and ancestry consciousness in the last differently in the last two centuries and of course most koreans are not descendants of aristocrats but the but what happened in the last hundred fifty hundred to hundred fifty years is that those koreans the vast majority of koreans have lost memory of their actual history in the sense where now any outside observer who might ask a korean person about ancestry would be left with the impression that every korean is now of aristocratic descent so let me begin with the aristocracy in the early modern era the kind of a master narrative stories that purport to explain a particular surname ancestral seat combination s history crystallize they became set in stone through inventing tradition in the seventeenth and eighteenth century many all families devise such a stories to the extent where now today in korea anybody who is interested in tracing his or her ancestry has to deal with such master narratives but at the same time it is next to impossible to look beyond master narratives in other words in korea today there s little sense of doing the kind of doing the genealogical research that you and i would do in the united states by looking at census documents and other types of documentation that have been passed down through generations or have been maintained by the government eugene y park from the 28 32 mark of the youtube video to the 29 21 mark of the youtube video archived 5 september 2020 at the wayback machine said this is an example here we see records that gives us a better sense of what inventing tradition was like here a page from an eighteen seventy three miryang pak family genealogy here s a man indicated inside the circle named ju 冑 he had three sons eun gyeong hyeon gyeong won gyeong 子 恩 慶 子 賢 慶 子 元 慶 but the edition that was published a bit later in the nineteen twenty so we see the same man ju and under him we see sons eun gyeong hyeon gyeong won gyeong and the extra the fourth son out of nowhere tōkhwa 子 徳 華 actually this is my family so this was commonly done in the modern era the children son out of nowhere or claims that we were left out centuries ago and please include us eugene y park from the 18 55 mark of the youtube video to the 19 30 mark of the youtube video archived 1 september 2020 at the wayback machine said and these master narratives genealogically connect all descent lines of a same surname and ancestral seat to a single common ancestor and this was the pattern that was that became universal by the nineteenth century whereas genealogies published in the seventeenth century actually frankly admit that we do not know how these different lines of the same surname or ancestral seat are related or connected at all so all these changes took place only in the last two hundred years or so eugene y park from the 46 17 mark of the youtube video to the 47 02 mark of the youtube video archived 5 september 2020 at the wayback machine said at any rate so once so based on one s surname kim let s say and the ancestral seat kimhae which is the most common ancestral seat among kim surname koreans one can then look up consult reference books encyclopedias go online to find all these stories about different branches famous individuals who are kimhae kim but the problem is of course before the early modern era only a small percentage of koreans had surnames and the ancestral seat to begin with in other words the rest of the population had adopted these identities in the last two three hundred years so where does one go from there and this was definitely my challenge when i was a child korean ethnologue archived from the original on 18 september 2008 retrieved 1 january 2013 lee kwang kyu 2000 overseas koreans seoul jimoondang isbn 978 89 88095 18 8 kim si joong 2003 the economic status and role of ethnic koreans in china pdf in bergsten c fred choi inbom eds the korean diaspora in the world economy peterson institute pp 101 130 isbn 978 0 88132 358 0 ban byung yool 22 september 2004 koreans in russia historical perspective the korea times archived from the original on 18 march 2005 retrieved 20 november 2006 nonzaki yoshiki inokuchi hiromitsu kim tae young 4 september 2006 legal categories demographic change and japan s korean residents in the long twentieth century the asia pacific journal japan focus 4 9 archived from the original on 25 january 2007 south korea s population passes 50 million 22 july 2012 archived from the original on 28 august 2013 population total data data worldbank org archived from the original on 28 may 2019 retrieved 12 april 2018 these estimates are based on un population division of 2017 version s korea s childbirth tally drops to another historic low in october archive fo 23 january 2019 retrieved 23 january 2019 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link south korea s fertility rate is the lowest in the world the economist 30 june 2018 archived from the original on 23 january 2019 retrieved 23 january 2019 fertility rate dips below 1 in 2018 official archive fo 30 january 2019 retrieved 30 january 2019 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link 1 2 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain savada andreas matles ed north korea a country study country studies federal research division retrieved 27 july 2013 fourth ed washington federal research division of the library of congress isbn 0 8444 0794 1 page needed koreanamericanstory org koreanamericanstory org archived from the original on 24 december 2013 retrieved 24 december 2013 selected population profile in the united states united states census bureau 2021 archived from the original on 30 may 2024 retrieved 29 may 2024 kelly tim 18 september 2006 ho chi minh money trail forbes archived from the original on 16 february 2018 retrieved 27 march 2007 meinardus ronaldo 15 december 2005 korean wave in philippines the korea times archived from the original on 13 january 2006 retrieved 16 february 2007 pohl j otto 1999 ethnic cleansing in the ussr 1937 1949 greenwood p 11 isbn 0 313 30921 3 tikhonov vladimir 2013 korean japanese marriages in 1920s 40s korean prose university of texas at austin center for east asian studies retrieved 31 may 2017 from link archived 4 july 2020 at the wayback machine lie john 2008 zainichi koreans in japan diasporic nationalism and postcolonial identity berkeley university of california press p 89 retrieved 31 may 2017 from link mixed filipino heritage act of 2020 archived from the original on 30 september 2022 retrieved 30 september 2022 a kameyama betonamu sensou saigon souru toukyou vietnam war saigon seoul tokyo iwanami shoten publishing 1972 p 122 vietnam war rape survivors demand justice from south korea bringing justice to the lai dai han bringing justice to the lai dai han 28 april 2022 archived from the original on 25 october 2022 retrieved 25 october 2022 hyun ju ock 27 november 2019 feature lai dai han people still seeking apology roots in korea the korea herald archived from the original on 3 september 2022 retrieved 3 september 2022 sources edit 서의식 강봉룡 6 february 2024 뿌리 깊은 한국사 샘이 깊은 이야기 고조선 삼국 isbn 978 89 8133 536 6 barnes gina lee 1993 the rise of civilization in east asia the archaeology of china korea and japan thames and hudson isbn 978 0 500 27974 8 nelson sarah m 1993 the archaeology of korea cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 40783 0 재외동포현황 status of compatriots abroad ministry of foreign affairs and trade 30 september 2013 retrieved 30 april 2015 further reading edit breen michael 2004 the koreans who they are what they want where their future lies new york st martin s press isbn 978 1 4668 6449 8 external links edit media related to koreans at wikimedia commons quotations related to koreans at wikiquote korean american museum korean residents union in japan mindan v t e koreans yemaek people samhan people jeju people jaegaseung v t e index of korea related articles north korea south korea history of korea general military history monarchs timeline chronology gojoseon dangun joseon gija joseon wiman joseon jin korean state proto three kingdoms of korea buyeo okjeo dongye samhan four commanderies of han three kingdoms of korea goguryeo baekje silla gaya confederacy north south states period later silla balhae later three kingdoms taebong later baekje silla goryeo joseon korean empire korea under japanese rule provisional government of the republic of korea division of korea united states army military government in korea soviet civil administration korean war history of south korea history of north korea geography of korea general borders korean peninsula islands lakes mountains rivers provinces regions floods geography of north korea 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