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nformation cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia nationwide armed struggle in mexico 1910 1920 for mexico s war with spain in 1810 1821 see mexican war of independence mexican revolution part of revolutions of 1905 1911 from left to right and top to bottom huertista troops insurging against president francisco madero ten tragic days 1913 a man posing near a bullet ridden house in ciudad juárez ca 1910 15 madero arrives in mexico city 1913 a child soldier el niño artillero antonio gómez delgado 10 years old enlisted on 2 july 1910 in apatzingán michoacán part of the federal troops commanded by victoriano huerta insurgents somewhere south of mexico city likely the state of morelos accompanied by their wives date 20 november 1910 1 december 1920 10 years 1 week and 4 days location mexico result revolutionary victory full results porfirio díaz ousted from power and exiled to france alongside accomplice mcevoy may 1911 francisco i madero elected president of mexico 1911 assassinated february 1913 victoriano huerta overthrows madero and assumes the presidency 1913 1914 venustiano carranza creates an alliance of northerners under the constitutionalist banner 1913 convention of aguascalientes between revolutionary leaders 1914 carranza s constitutionalist army under general álvaro obregón defeats pancho villa at the battle of celaya 1915 carranza consolidates his position as president of mexico 1915 mexican constitution of 1917 enacted rebellion against carranza government by sonoran generals obregón plutarco elías calles and adolfo de la huerta in the plan of agua prieta 1920 interim presidency of de la huerta 1920 pancho villa amnestied successive assassinations of revolutionary leaders madero 1913 zapata 1919 venustiano carranza 1920 pancho villa 1923 álvaro obregón 1928 laborist party victories in the 1920 and 1924 elections 1 2 eventual formation of the national revolutionary party 1929 and consolidation of the post revolutionary regime belligerents pro government 1910 1911 porfiriato federales porfiristas anti government 1910 1911 maderistas orozquistas magonistas zapatistas 1911 1913 maderistas federales 1911 1913 reyistas felicistas orozquistas magonistas zapatistas 1913 1914 huertistas federales orozquistas 1913 1914 constitutionalists carrancistas villistas zapatistas 1914 1915 conventionists villistas zapatistas 1914 1915 carrancistas 1915 1920 carrancistas supported by united states 1910 1913 germany c 1913 1918 1915 1920 villistas zapatistas felicistas forces led by aureliano blanquet forces led by álvaro obregón supported by united states 1913 1918 united kingdom 1916 1918 commanders and leaders 1910 1911 porfirio díaz ramón corral manuel mondragón josé yves limantour 1910 1911 francisco i madero pascual orozco bernardo reyes pancho villa emiliano zapata ricardo flores magón 1911 1913 francisco i madero x josé maría pino suárez pancho villa mateo almanza venustiano carranza victoriano huerta secretly sided with reyes against madero until reyes died in 1913 after reyes was killed huerta launched his revolution aureliano blanquet also secretly sided with reyes until his death 1911 1913 pascual orozco fought own revolution after díaz was overthrown and later sided with huerta after huerta took power bernardo reyes led own revolution until his death in 1913 félix díaz sided with reyes and later huerta after the killing of reyes in 1913 emiliano zapata sided with orozco until orozco sided with huerta ricardo flores magón pow 1913 1914 victoriano huerta aureliano blanquet pascual orozco manuel mondragón until june 1913 francisco león de la barra francisco s carvajal 1913 1914 venustiano carranza pancho villa emiliano zapata álvaro obregón plutarco elías calles 1914 1915 pancho villa emiliano zapata eulalio gutiérrez 1914 1915 venustiano carranza álvaro obregón 1915 1920 venustiano carranza x álvaro obregón until 1917 1915 1920 pancho villa emiliano zapata x félix díaz aureliano blanquet álvaro obregón from 1917 strength pro government 250 000 300 000 anti government 255 000 290 000 casualties and losses alleged 2 germans killed 3 500 americans killed or wounded 1 7 4 2 7 million 5 mexican deaths civilian and military 700 000 1 117 000 5 civilians dead using 2 7 million figure the mexican revolution spanish revolución mexicana was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in mexico from 20 november 1910 to 1 december 1920 6 7 8 it has been called the defining event of modern mexican history 9 it saw the destruction of the federal army its replacement by a revolutionary army 10 and the transformation of mexican culture and government the northern constitutionalist faction prevailed on the battlefield and drafted the present day constitution of mexico which aimed to create a strong central government revolutionary generals held power from 1920 to 1940 8 11 the revolutionary conflict was primarily a civil war but foreign powers having important economic and strategic interests in mexico figured in the outcome of mexico s power struggles the u s involvement was particularly high 12 13 the conflict led to the deaths of around one million people mostly non combatants although the decades long regime of president porfirio díaz 1876 1911 was increasingly unpopular there was no foreboding in 1910 that a revolution was about to break out 12 the aging díaz failed to find a controlled solution to presidential succession resulting in a power struggle among competing elites and the middle classes which occurred during a period of intense labor unrest exemplified by the cananea and río blanco strikes 14 when wealthy northern landowner francisco i madero challenged díaz in the 1910 presidential election and díaz jailed him madero called for an armed uprising against díaz in the plan of san luis potosí rebellions broke out first in morelos immediately south of the nation s capital city and then to a much greater extent in northern mexico the federal army could not suppress the widespread uprisings showing the military s weakness and encouraging the rebels 15 díaz resigned in may 1911 and went into exile an interim government was installed until elections could be held the federal army was retained and revolutionary forces demobilized the first phase of the revolution was relatively bloodless and short lived madero was elected president taking office in november 1911 he immediately faced the armed rebellion of emiliano zapata in morelos where peasants demanded rapid action on agrarian reform politically inexperienced madero s government was fragile and further regional rebellions broke out in february 1913 prominent army generals from the former díaz regime staged a coup d etat in mexico city forcing madero and vice president pino suárez to resign days later both men were assassinated by orders of the new president victoriano huerta this initiated a new and bloody phase of the revolution as a coalition of northerners opposed to the counter revolutionary regime of huerta the constitutionalist army led by the governor of coahuila venustiano carranza entered the conflict zapata s forces continued their armed rebellion in morelos huerta s regime lasted from february 1913 to july 1914 and the federal army was defeated by revolutionary armies the revolutionary armies then fought each other with the constitutionalist faction under carranza defeating the army of former ally francisco pancho villa by the summer of 1915 carranza consolidated power and a new constitution was promulgated in february 1917 the mexican constitution of 1917 established universal male suffrage promoted secularism workers rights economic nationalism and land reform and enhanced the power of the federal government 16 carranza became president of mexico in 1917 serving a term ending in 1920 he attempted to impose a civilian successor prompting northern revolutionary generals to rebel carranza fled mexico city and was killed from 1920 to 1940 revolutionary generals held the office of president each completing their terms except from 1928 1934 this was a period when state power became more centralized and revolutionary reform implemented bringing the military under the civilian government s control 17 the revolution was a decade long civil war with new political leadership that gained power and legitimacy through their participation in revolutionary conflicts the political party those leaders founded in 1929 which would become the institutional revolutionary party pri ruled mexico until the presidential election of 2000 when the revolution ended is not well defined and even the conservative winner of the 2000 election vicente fox contended his election was heir to the 1910 democratic election of francisco madero thereby claiming the heritage and legitimacy of the revolution 18 history edit prelude to revolution porfiriato and the 1910 election edit see also porfirio díaz and porfiriato v t e mexican revolution background cananea strike acayucan rebellion liberal party attack on ciudad juárez es candlemas rebellion es valladolid rebellion es diaz presidency 1910 1911 mazatlán railway costa oeste magonista rebellion of 1911 buena noche rosario rosamorada 1st tepic 2nd tepic 1st bauche smelter view casas grandes 2nd bauche mexicali 1st tijuana cuautla 1st ciudad juarez treaty of ciudad juárez de la barra presidency 1911 torreón magonista 2nd tijuana 1911 mexican general election madero presidency 1911 1913 parque cuernavaca 1st rellano 2nd rellano bachima es ten tragic days huerta presidency 1913 1914 1st nogales 1st naco santa maria es monclova es jonacatepec aviles matamoros es san andrés 1st torreón monterey es chihuahua 2nd ciudad juarez tierra blanca zaragoza ojinaga chilpancingo 1st topolobampo 2nd topolobampo gómez palacio 3rd topolobampo 2nd torreón san pedro de las colonias es paredón es 4th topolobampo zacatecas aguascalientes presidents 1914 1915 ramos arizpe es guadalajara es celaya el ébano es león es 2nd agua prieta carranza leadership and presidency 1915 1920 tlayacapa xochimilco 3rd torreón durango theatres sonora in the mexican revolution mexican revolution in tabasco es mexican revolution in yucatán es part of a series on the history of mexico pre columbian pre 1519 olmecs 1200 bc 400 bc zapotecs 300 bc 900 ce mayas 250 ce 900 ce toltecs 950 ce 1150 ce purépechas 1300 ce 1530 ce aztecs 1325 ce 1521 ce new spain 1521 1821 conquest of yucatán 1517 1546 conquest of mexico 1519 1530 yaqui wars 1533 1929 chichimeca war 1550 1590 war of independence 1810 1821 declaration of independence 1821 first empire and triumvirate 1821 1824 attempts to reconquer mexico 1821 1829 annexation of central america 1822 1823 casa mata plan 1822 1823 constitution of 1824 post independence 1824 1835 1835 1846 1846 1863 texas revolution 1835 1836 first french intervention 1838 1839 mexican american war 1846 1848 treaty of guadalupe hidalgo 1848 yucatán caste war 1847 1901 la reforma 1855 1863 reform war 1857 1861 second empire restored republic and porfiriato 1863 1910 second french intervention 1861 1867 battle of puebla 1862 garza revolution 1891 1893 first mexican census 1895 mexican revolution 1910 1920 border war 1910 1919 la decena trágica 1913 tampico affair 1914 american occupation of veracruz 1914 bandit war 1915 1919 pancho villa expedition 1916 1917 modern history 1920 present cristero war 1926 1929 maximato 1928 1934 petroleum nationalization 1938 world war ii 1942 1945 mexican miracle 1954 1970 mexico guatemala conflict 1958 1959 dirty war 1964 1982 movement of 1968 1985 mexico city earthquake mexican peso crisis 1994 1995 chiapas conflict 1994 2020 mexican drug war 2006 present coronavirus pandemic 2020 2022 timeline mexico portal v t e part of a series on revolution by characteristic bourgeois colour communist counter revolutionary democratic nonviolent passive permanent proletarian from above wave social methods boycott civil disorder civil war class struggle contentious politics coup d état demonstration human chain direct action guerrilla warfare insurgency mass mobilization mutiny protest rebellion resistance nonviolent civil disobedience riot samizdat strike action tax resistance terror examples english american brabant liège french haitian spanish american serbian greek 1820s 1830 july belgian texas 1848 italian states february german hungarian eureka bulgarian unification philippine iranian first second young turk mexican chinese xinhai communist cultural 1917 1923 russian german siamese spanish august guatemalan indonesian hungarian 1956 cuban rwandan nicaraguan carnation saur people power 1989 yogurt velvet romanian singing bolivarian bulldozer rose orange tulip kyrgyz arab spring tunisian egyptian yemeni euromaidan second arab spring sudanese gen z in asia bangladeshi nepali malagasy politics portal v t e general porfirio díaz president of mexico liberal general and war veteran porfirio díaz came to the presidency of mexico in 1876 and remained almost continuously in office until 1911 in an era now called porfiriato 19 coming to power after a coup to oppose the re election of sebastián lerdo de tejada he could not run for re election in 1880 his close ally general manuel gonzález was elected president 1880 1884 díaz saw himself as indispensable and after that interruption he ran for the presidency again and served in office continuously until 1911 the constitution had been amended to allow unlimited presidential re election in 1887 and 1890 20 during the porfiriato there were regular elections widely considered sham exercises marked by contentious irregularities 20 in his early years in the presidency díaz consolidated power by playing opposing parliamentary liberal factions against each other later purging the dissenting congress in 1886 after the 1884 1885 english debt crisis resistance and by expanding the rurales a force of armed and mounted police directly under his control that seized land from local peasants peasants were forced to make futile attempts to win back their land through courts and petitions by 1900 over ninety percent of mexico s communal lands were sold with an estimated 9 5 million peasants forced into the service of wealthy landowners or hacendados 21 diaz rigged elections arguing that only he knew what was best for his country and he enforced his belief with a strong hand order and progress were the watchwords of his rule 22 díaz s presidency was characterized by the promotion of industry and the development of infrastructure by opening the country to foreign investment díaz suppressed opposition and promoted stability to reassure foreign investors farmers and peasants both complained of oppression and exploitation the situation was further exacerbated by the drought that lasted from 1907 to 1909 23 the economy took a grea...
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