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of rome including the roman curia the pope s honours powers and privileges within the catholic church and the international community derive from his episcopate of rome in lineal succession from the saint peter one of the twelve apostles 197 consequently rome has traditionally occupied a central position in the catholic church although this is not necessarily so the pope derives his pontificate from being the bishop of rome but is not required to live there according to the latin formula ubi papa ibi curia wherever the pope resides is the central government of the church between 1309 and 1378 the popes lived in avignon france 198 a period often called the babylonian captivity in allusion to the biblical narrative of jews of the ancient kingdom of judah living as captives in babylonia salary and benefits as of 2024 the pope s salary was 30 000 per month 199 francis a jesuit refused to collect a salary and donated the money to the poor 199 the catholic church traditionally covers the costs of all the pope s meals housing apparel transport e g the popemobile security housekeeping and healthcare 199 the pope has free access to vatican medical services and a private pharmacy 199 if a pope retires the monthly pension as of 2024 was 2 500 per month 199 pastoral care of the diocese of rome main article diocese of rome although the pope is the diocesan bishop of rome he delegates most of the day to day work of leading the diocese to the cardinal vicar who assures direct episcopal oversight of the diocese s pastoral needs not in his own name but in that of the pope the most recent cardinal vicar was angelo de donatis who served from 2017 until 2024 the current cardinal vicar is baldassare reina this does not mean that popes ignore their diocesan responsibilities for example when pope john xxiii announced his intention to establish the second vatican council in 1959 his reflections dealt first with the state of the catholic church within rome before broadening his gaze to the entire world 200 political role main article politics of vatican city sovereign of the vatican city state coat of arms of vatican city incumbent pope leo xiv style his holiness residence apostolic palace first sovereign pope pius xi formation 11 february 1929 website vaticanstate va antichristus a woodcut by lucas cranach the elder of the pope using the temporal power to grant authority to a generously contributing ruler though the progressive christianization of the roman empire in the 4th century did not confer upon bishops civil authority within the state the gradual withdrawal of imperial authority during the 5th century left the pope the senior imperial civilian official in rome as bishops were increasingly directing civil affairs in other cities of the western empire this status as a secular and civil ruler was vividly displayed by pope leo i s confrontation with attila in 452 the first expansion of papal rule outside of rome came in 728 with the donation of sutri in 754 the frankish ruler pippin the younger gave the pope the land from his conquest of the lombards the pope may have utilized the forged donation of constantine to gain this land which formed the core of the papal states this document accepted as genuine until the 15th century states that constantine the great placed the entire western empire of rome under papal rule in 800 pope leo iii crowned the frankish ruler charlemagne as roman emperor a major step toward establishing what later became known as the holy roman empire from that date onward the popes claimed the prerogative to crown the emperor the right fell into disuse after the coronation of charles v in 1530 in 1804 pius vii was present at the coronation of napoleon i but did not actually perform the crowning as mentioned above the pope s sovereignty over the papal states ended in 1870 with their annexation by italy popes like alexander vi reputed to be an ambitious pope and julius ii a formidable general and statesman were not afraid to use power to achieve their own ends which included increasing the power of the papacy this political and temporal authority was demonstrated through the papal role in the holy roman empire especially prominent during periods of contention with the emperors such as during the pontificates of pope gregory vii and pope alexander iii papal bulls interdict and excommunication or the threat thereof have been used many times to exercise papal power the bull laudabiliter in 1155 authorized king henry ii of england to invade ireland in 1207 innocent iii placed england under interdict until king john made his kingdom a fiefdom to the pope complete with yearly tribute saying we offer and freely yield to our lord pope innocent iii and his catholic successors the whole kingdom of england and the whole kingdom of ireland with all their rights and appurtenences for the remission of our sins 201 the bull inter caetera in 1493 led to the treaty of tordesillas in 1494 which divided the world into areas of spanish and portuguese rule the bull regnans in excelsis in 1570 excommunicated queen elizabeth i of england and declared that all her subjects were released from allegiance to her the bull inter gravissimas in 1582 established the gregorian calendar 202 in recent decades although the papacy has become less directly involved in politics popes have nevertheless retained significant political influence they have also served as mediators with the support of the catholic establishment 203 204 john paul ii a native of poland was regarded as influential in the fall of communism in eastern europe 205 he also mediated the beagle conflict between argentina and chile two predominantly catholic countries 206 in the 21st century francis played a role in brokering the 2015 improvement in relations between the united states and cuba 207 208 international position main article list of diplomatic missions of the holy see pope pius vii bishop of rome seated and cardinal giovanni battista caprara under international law a serving head of state has sovereign immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of other countries though not from that of international tribunals 209 210 this immunity is sometimes loosely referred to as diplomatic immunity which is strictly speaking the immunity enjoyed by the diplomatic representatives of a head of state international law treats the holy see essentially the central government of the catholic church as the juridical equal of a state it is distinct from the state of vatican city existing for many centuries before the foundation of the latter it is common for publications and news media to use the vatican vatican city and even rome as metonyms for the holy see most countries of the world maintain the same form of diplomatic relations with the holy see that they entertain with other states even countries without those diplomatic relations participate in international organizations of which the holy see is a full member it is as head of the state equivalent worldwide religious jurisdiction of the holy see not of the territory of vatican city that the u s justice department ruled that the pope enjoys head of state immunity 211 this head of state immunity recognized by the united states must be distinguished from that envisaged under the united states foreign sovereign immunities act of 1976 which while recognizing the basic immunity of foreign governments from being sued in american courts lays down nine exceptions including commercial activity and actions in the united states by agents or employees of the foreign governments it was in relation to the latter that in november 2008 the united states court of appeals in cincinnati decided that a case over sexual abuse by catholic priests could proceed provided the plaintiffs could prove that the bishops accused of negligent supervision were acting as employees or agents of the holy see and were following official holy see policy 212 213 214 in april 2010 there was press coverage in britain concerning a proposed plan by atheist campaigners and a prominent barrister geoffrey robertson to have pope benedict xvi arrested and prosecuted in the uk for alleged offences dating from several decades before in failing to take appropriate action regarding catholic sex abuse cases and concerning their disputing his immunity from prosecution in that country 215 this was generally dismissed as unrealistic and spurious 216 another barrister said that it was a matter of embarrassment that a senior british lawyer would want to allow himself to be associated with such a silly idea 217 sovereign immunity does not apply to disputes relating to commercial transactions and governmental units of the holy see can face trial in foreign commercial courts the first such trial to take place in the english courts happened in 2024 218 219 objections to the papacy antichristus by lucas cranach the elder from luther s 1521 passionary of the christ and antichrist the pope is signing and selling indulgences the pope s claim to authority is either disputed or rejected outright by other churches for various reasons orthodox anglican and old catholic churches other traditional christian churches assyrian church of the east the oriental orthodox church the eastern orthodox church the old catholic church the anglican communion the independent catholic churches etc accept the doctrine of apostolic succession and to varying extents papal claims to a primacy of honour while generally rejecting the pope as the successor to peter in any other sense than that of other bishops primacy is regarded as a consequence of the pope s position as bishop of the original capital city of the roman empire a definition spelled out in the 28th canon of the council of chalcedon these churches see no foundation for the catholic assertion that supreme full immediate and universal authority lies with the pope 220 or for claims of papal infallibility several of these churches which refer to such claims as ultramontanism citation needed protestant denominations main article historicism christianity in 1973 the united states conference of catholic bishops committee on ecumenical and interreligious affairs and the usa national committee of the lutheran world federation in the official catholic lutheran dialogue included this passage in a larger statement on papal primacy in calling the pope the antichrist the early lutherans stood in a tradition that reached back into the eleventh century not only dissidents and heretics but even saints had called the bishop of rome the antichrist when they wished to castigate his abuse of power what lutherans understood as a papal claim to unlimited authority over everything and everyone reminded them of the apocalyptic imagery of daniel 11 a passage that even prior to the reformation had been applied to the pope as the antichrist of the last days 221 protestant denominations of christianity reject the claims of petrine primacy of honour petrine primacy of jurisdiction and papal infallibility these denominations vary from rejecting the legitimacy of the pope s claim to authority to believing that the pope is the antichrist 222 from 1 john 2 18 the man of sin from 2 thessalonians 2 3 12 223 and the beast out of the earth from revelation 13 11 18 224 christus by lucas cranach this woodcut of john 13 14 17 is from passionary of the christ and antichrist 225 cranach shows jesus kissing peter s foot during the footwashing this stands in contrast to the opposing woodcut where the pope demands others kiss his foot antichristus by the lutheran lucas cranach the elder this woodcut of the traditional practice of kissing the pope s foot is from passionary of the christ and antichrist this sweeping rejection is held by among others some denominations of lutherans confessional lutherans hold that the pope is the antichrist stating that this article of faith is part of a quia because rather than quatenus insofar as subscription to the book of concord in 1932 one of these confessional churches the lutheran church missouri synod lcms adopted a brief statement of the doctrinal position of the missouri synod which a small number of lutheran church bodies now hold the lutheran churches of the reformation 226 the concordia lutheran conference 227 the church of the lutheran confession 228 and the illinois lutheran conference 229 all hold to the brief statement which the lcms places on its website 230 the wisconsin evangelical lutheran synod wels another confessional lutheran church that declares the papacy to be the antichrist released its own statement the statement on the antichrist in 1959 the wels still holds to this statement 231 historically protestants objected to the papacy s claim of temporal power over all secular governments including territorial claims in italy 232 201 233 the papacy s complex relationship with secular states such as the roman and byzantine empires and the autocratic character of the papal office 234 in western christianity these objections both contributed to and are products of the protestant reformation antipopes main articles antipope and western schism groups sometimes form around antipopes who claim the pontificate without being canonically and properly elected to it traditionally this term was reserved for claimants with a significant following of cardinals or other clergy the existence of an antipope is usually due either to doctrinal controversy within the church heresy or to confusion as to who is the legitimate pope at the time schism briefly in the 15th century three separate lines of popes claimed authenticity 235 other uses of the title pope in the earlier centuries of christianity the title pope meaning father had been used by all bishops some popes used the term and others did not eventually the title became associated especially with the bishop of rome in a few cases the term is used for other christian clerical authorities in english catholic priests are still addressed as father but the term pope is reserved for the head of the church hierarchy in the catholic church black pope is a name that was popularly but unofficially given to the superior general of the society of jesus due to the jesuits importance within the church this name based on the black colour of his cassock was used to suggest a parallel between him and the white pope since in the time of pius v the pope dressed in white and the cardinal prefect of the congregation for the evangelization of peoples formerly called the sacred congregation for the propagation of the faith whose red cardinal s cassock gave him the name of the red pope in view of the authority over all territories that were not considered in some way catholic in the present time this cardinal has power over mission territories for catholicism essentially the churches of africa and asia 236 but in the past his competence extended also to all lands where protestants or eastern christianity was dominant some remnants of this s...
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