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ns fall under this category radical reactions are characterized by species with unpaired electrons radicals and the movement of single electrons radical reactions are further divided into chain and nonchain processes finally pericyclic reactions involve the redistribution of chemical bonds along a cyclic transition state although electron pairs are formally involved they move around in a cycle without a true source or sink these reactions require the continuous overlap of participating orbitals and are governed by orbital symmetry considerations of course some chemical processes may involve steps from two or even all three of these categories so this classification scheme is not necessarily straightforward or clear in all cases beyond these classes transition metal mediated reactions are often considered to form a fourth category of reactions although this category encompasses a broad range of elementary organometallic processes many of which have little in common and very specific fundamentals edit factors governing organic reactions are essentially the same as that of any chemical reaction factors specific to organic reactions are those that determine the stability of reactants and products such as conjugation hyperconjugation and aromaticity and the presence and stability of reactive intermediates such as free radicals carbocations and carbanions an organic compound may consist of many isomers selectivity in terms of regioselectivity diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity is therefore an important criterion for many organic reactions the stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions is governed by the woodward hoffmann rules and that of many elimination reactions by zaitsev s rule organic reactions are important in the production of pharmaceuticals in a 2006 review 4 it was estimated that 20 of chemical conversions involved alkylations on nitrogen and oxygen atoms another 20 involved placement and removal of protective groups 11 involved formation of new carbon carbon bond and 10 involved functional group interconversions by mechanism edit there is no limit to the number of possible organic reactions and mechanisms 5 6 however certain general patterns are observed that can be used to describe many common or useful reactions each reaction has a stepwise reaction mechanism that explains how it happens although this detailed description of steps is not always clear from a list of reactants alone organic reactions can be organized into several basic types some reactions fit into more than one category for example some substitution reactions follow an addition elimination pathway this overview isn t intended to include every single organic reaction rather it is intended to cover the basic reactions reaction type subtype comment addition reactions electrophilic addition include such reactions as halogenation hydrohalogenation and hydration nucleophilic addition radical addition elimination reaction include processes such as dehydration and are found to follow an e1 e2 or e1cb reaction mechanism substitution reactions nucleophilic aliphatic substitution with s n 1 s n 2 and s n i reaction mechanisms nucleophilic aromatic substitution nucleophilic acyl substitution electrophilic substitution electrophilic aromatic substitution radical substitution organic redox reactions are redox reactions specific to organic compounds and are very common rearrangement reactions 1 2 rearrangements pericyclic reactions metathesis in condensation reactions a small molecule usually water is split off when two reactants combine in a chemical reaction the opposite reaction when water is consumed in a reaction is called hydrolysis many polymerization reactions are derived from organic reactions they are divided into addition polymerizations and step growth polymerizations in general the stepwise progression of reaction mechanisms can be represented using arrow pushing techniques in which curved arrows are used to track the movement of electrons as starting materials transition to intermediates and products by functional groups edit organic reactions can be categorized based on the type of functional group involved in the reaction as a reactant and the functional group that is formed as a result of this reaction for example in the fries rearrangement the reactant is an ester and the reaction product an alcohol an overview of functional groups with their preparation and reactivity is presented below functional group preparation reactions acid anhydride preparation reactions acyl halides preparation reactions acyloins preparation reactions alcohols preparation reactions aldehydes preparation reactions alkanes preparation reactions alkenes preparation reactions alkyl halides preparation reactions alkyl nitrites preparation reactions alkynes preparation reactions amides preparation reactions amine oxide preparation reactions amines preparation reactions arene compounds preparation reactions azides preparation reactions aziridines preparation reactions carboxylic acids preparation reactions cyclopropanes preparation reactions diazo compounds preparation reactions diols preparation reactions esters preparation reactions ethers preparation reactions epoxide preparation reactions haloketones preparation reactions imines preparation reactions isocyanates preparation reactions ketones preparation reactions lactams preparation reactions lactones preparation reactions nitriles preparation reactions nitro compounds preparation reactions phenols preparation reactions thiols preparation reactions other classification edit in heterocyclic chemistry organic reactions are classified by the type of heterocycle formed with respect to ring size and type of heteroatom see for instance the chemistry of indoles reactions are also categorized by the change in the carbon framework examples are ring expansion and ring contraction homologation reactions polymerization reactions insertion reactions ring opening reactions and ring closing reactions organic reactions can also be classified by the type of bond to carbon with respect to the element involved more reactions are found in organosilicon chemistry organosulfur chemistry organophosphorus chemistry and organofluorine chemistry with the introduction of carbon metal bonds the field crosses over to organometallic chemistry see also edit list of organic reactions other chemical reactions inorganic reactions metabolism organometallic reactions polymerization reactions important publications in organic chemistry references edit strategic applications of named reactions in organic synthesis laszlo kurti barbara czako academic press march 4 2005 isbn 0 12 429785 4 j clayden n greeves s warren organic chemistry oxford university press 2012 robert t morrison robert n boyd and robert k boyd organic chemistry 6th edition benjamin cummings 1992 analysis of the reactions used for the preparation of drug candidate molecules john s carey david laffan colin thomson and mike t williams org biomol chem 2006 4 2337 2347 doi 10 1039 b602413k is this reaction a substitution oxidation reduction or transfer n s imyanitov j chem educ 1993 70 1 14 16 doi 10 1021 ed070p14 march jerry 1992 advanced organic chemistry reactions mechanisms and structure 4th ed new york wiley isbn 0 471 60180 2 external links edit organic reactions synarchive com organic reaction flashcards from osu list of named reactions from uconn organic reactions study organic chemistry com v t e topics in organic reactions addition reaction elimination reaction polymerization reagents rearrangement reaction redox reaction regioselectivity stereoselectivity stereospecificity substitution reaction a value alpha effect annulene anomeric effect antiaromaticity aromatic ring current aromaticity baird s rule baker nathan effect baldwin s rules bema hapothle beta silicon effect bicycloaromaticity bredt s rule bürgi dunitz angle catalytic resonance theory charge remote fragmentation charge transfer complex clar s rule conformational isomerism conjugated system conrotatory and disrotatory curtin hammett principle dynamic binding chemistry edwards equation effective molarity electromeric effect electron rich electron withdrawing group electronic effect electrophile evelyn effect flippin lodge angle free energy relationship grunwald winstein equation hammett acidity function hammett equation george s hammond hammond s postulate homoaromaticity hückel s rule hyperconjugation inductive effect kinetic isotope effect lfer solvent coefficients data page marcus theory markovnikov s rule möbius aromaticity möbius hückel concept more o ferrall jencks plot negative hyperconjugation neighbouring group participation 2 norbornyl cation nucleophile kennedy j p orton passive binding phosphaethynolate polar effect polyfluorene ring strain σ aromaticity spherical aromaticity spiroaromaticity steric effects superaromaticity swain lupton equation taft equation thorpe ingold effect vinylogy walsh diagram woodward hoffmann rules woodward s rules y aromaticity yukawa tsuno equation zaitsev s rule σ bishomoaromaticity list of organic reactions carbon carbon bond forming reactions acetoacetic ester synthesis acyloin condensation aldol condensation aldol reaction alkane metathesis alkyne metathesis alkyne trimerisation alkynylation allan robinson reaction arndt eistert reaction auwers synthesis aza baylis hillman reaction barbier reaction barton kellogg reaction baylis hillman reaction benary reaction bergman cyclization biginelli reaction bingel reaction blaise ketone synthesis blaise reaction blanc chloromethylation bodroux chichibabin aldehyde synthesis bouveault aldehyde synthesis bucherer bergs reaction buchner ring expansion cadiot chodkiewicz coupling carbonyl allylation carbonyl olefin metathesis castro stephens coupling chan rearrangement chan lam coupling claisen condensation claisen rearrangement claisen schmidt condensation combes quinoline synthesis corey fuchs reaction corey house synthesis coupling reaction cross coupling reaction cross dehydrogenative coupling cross coupling partner dakin west reaction darzens reaction diels alder reaction doebner reaction wulff dötz reaction ene reaction enyne metathesis ethenolysis favorskii reaction ferrier carbocyclization friedel crafts reaction fujimoto belleau reaction fujiwara moritani reaction fukuyama coupling gabriel colman rearrangement gattermann reaction glaser coupling grignard reaction grignard reagent hammick reaction heck reaction henry reaction heterogeneous metal catalyzed cross coupling high dilution principle hiyama coupling homologation reaction horner wadsworth emmons reaction hydrocyanation hydrovinylation hydroxymethylation ivanov reaction johnson corey chaykovsky reaction julia olefination julia kocienski olefination kauffmann olefination knoevenagel condensation knorr pyrrole synthesis kolbe schmitt reaction kowalski ester homologation kulinkovich reaction kumada coupling liebeskind srogl coupling malonic ester synthesis mannich reaction mcmurry reaction meerwein arylation methylenation michael reaction minisci reaction mizoroki heck vs reductive heck nef isocyanide reaction nef synthesis negishi coupling nierenstein reaction nitro mannich reaction nozaki hiyama kishi reaction olefin conversion technology olefin metathesis palladium nhc complex passerini reaction peterson olefination pfitzinger reaction piancatelli rearrangement pinacol coupling reaction prins reaction quelet reaction ramberg bäcklund reaction rauhut currier reaction reformatsky reaction reimer tiemann reaction rieche formylation ring closing metathesis robinson annulation sakurai reaction seyferth gilbert homologation shapiro reaction sonogashira coupling stetter reaction stille reaction stollé synthesis stork enamine alkylation suzuki reaction takai olefination thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons thorpe reaction ugi reaction ullmann reaction wagner jauregg reaction weinreb ketone synthesis wittig reaction wurtz reaction wurtz fittig reaction zincke suhl reaction homologation reactions arndt eistert reaction hooker reaction kiliani fischer synthesis kowalski ester homologation methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane seyferth gilbert homologation wittig reaction olefination reactions bamford stevens reaction barton kellogg reaction boord olefin synthesis chugaev elimination cope reaction corey winter olefin synthesis dehydrohalogenation elimination reaction grieco elimination hofmann elimination horner wadsworth emmons reaction hydrazone iodination julia olefination julia kocienski olefination kauffmann olefination mcmurry reaction peterson olefination ramberg bäcklund reaction shapiro reaction takai olefination wittig reaction carbon heteroatom bond forming reactions azo coupling bartoli indole synthesis boudouard reaction cadogan sundberg indole synthesis diazonium compound esterification grignard reagent haloform reaction hegedus indole synthesis hurd mori 1 2 3 thiadiazole synthesis kharasch sosnovsky reaction knorr pyrrole synthesis leimgruber batcho indole synthesis mukaiyama hydration nenitzescu indole synthesis oxymercuration reaction reed reaction schotten baumann reaction ullmann condensation williamson ether synthesis yamaguchi esterification degradation reactions barbier wieland degradation bergmann degradation edman degradation emde degradation gallagher hollander degradation hofmann rearrangement hooker reaction isosaccharinic acid marker degradation ruff degradation strecker degradation von braun amide degradation weerman degradation wohl degradation organic redox reactions acyloin condensation adkins peterson reaction akabori amino acid reaction alcohol oxidation algar flynn oyamada reaction amide reduction andrussow process angeli rimini reaction aromatization autoxidation baeyer villiger oxidation barton mccombie deoxygenation bechamp reduction benkeser reaction bergmann degradation birch reduction bohn schmidt reaction bosch reaction bouveault blanc reduction boyland sims oxidation cannizzaro reaction carbonyl reduction clemmensen reduction collins oxidation corey itsuno reduction corey kim oxidation corey winter olefin synthesis criegee oxidation dakin oxidation davis oxidation deoxygenation dess martin oxidation dna oxidation elbs persulfate oxidation emde degradation eschweiler clarke reaction étard reaction fischer tropsch process fleming tamao oxidation fukuyama reduction ganem oxidation glycol cleavage griesbaum coozonolysis grundmann aldehyde synthesis haloform reaction hydrogenation hydrogenolysis hydroxylation jones oxidation kiliani fischer synthesis kolbe electrolysis kornblum oxidation kornblum delamare rearrangement leuckart reaction ley oxidation lindgren oxidation lipid peroxidation lombardo methylenation luche reduction markó lam deoxygenation mcfadyen stevens reaction meerwein ponndorf verley reduction methionine sulfoxide miyaura borylation mozingo reduction noyori asymmetric hydrogenation omega oxidation oppenauer oxi...
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