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lit from judaism was seminal to the nascent christian apocalypticism of that time in the olivet discourse of the gospels jesus predicts the destruction of herod s temple and promises that it will precede the return of the son of man commonly called the second coming this prophecy of the renewal of jerusalem by the messiah echoes those of the jewish prophets john of patmos vision of the new jerusalem in the book of revelation draws on the olivet discourse and all the historical precursors mentioned above based on the book of revelation premillennialism holds that following the end times and the second creation of heaven and earth see the new earth the new jerusalem will be the earthly location where all true believers will spend eternity with god the new jerusalem is not limited to eschatology however many christians view the new jerusalem as a current reality that the new jerusalem is the consummation of the body of christ the church and that christians already take part in membership of both the heavenly jerusalem and the earthly church in a kind of dual citizenship 19 in this way the new jerusalem represents to christians the final and everlasting reconciliation of god and his chosen people the end of the christian pilgrimage 19 as such the new jerusalem is a conception of heaven see also heaven christianity interpretation edit christianity interprets the city as a physical and or spiritual restoration or divine re creation of the city of jerusalem it is also interpreted by many christian groups as referring to the church to be the dwelling place of the saints john of patmos describes the new jerusalem in the book of revelation in the christian bible and so the new jerusalem holds an important place in christian eschatology and christian mysticism and has also influenced christian philosophy and christian theology such a renewal of jerusalem if a reconstruction is an important theme in judaism christianity and the baháʼí faith renewed jerusalem bears as its motto the words ad librum latin as by the book citation needed many traditions based on biblical scripture and other writings in the jewish and christian religions such as protestantism and orthodox judaism expect the literal renewal of jerusalem to some day take place at the temple mount in accordance with various prophecies the church of jesus christ of latter day saints too believes in a literal new jerusalem though they instead believe that in place of being at the temple mount it will instead be established on the american continent 20 dispensationalists believe in a literal new jerusalem that will come down out of heaven which will be an entirely new city of incredible dimensions other sects such as various protestant denominations modernist branches of christianity and reform judaism view the new jerusalem as figurative or believe that such a renewal may have already taken place or that it will take place at some other location besides the temple mount it is important to distinguish between the camp of the saints and the beloved city spoken of in revelation 20 9 and the new jerusalem of chapter 21 rev 20 9 refers to an earthly city the description and purpose of which is found in book of ezekiel starting with chapter 36 and ending with chapter 48 one of the most obvious differences is that the dimensions of the new jerusalem of rev 21 are 1 000 times bigger than the dimensions of the city in ezekiel 48 and in rev 20 9 new jerusalem of revelation 21 is 2 225 km in length width and height a city of these gigantic proportions cannot be located on earth but as stated in rev 21 the city comes down out of heaven from god presumably onto the new earth the book of revelation edit folio 55r of the bamberg apocalypse depicts the angel showing john the new jerusalem with the lamb of god at its center introduction to the city edit the term new jerusalem greek καινὴ ἰερουσαλήμ romanized kainē ierousalēm occurs twice in the new testament in revelation verses 3 12 and 21 2 a large portion of the final two chapters of revelation deals with john of patmos vision of new jerusalem he describes new jerusalem as the bride the wife of the lamb where the river of the water of life flows revelation 22 1 after john witnesses the new heaven and a new earth that no longer has any sea an angel takes him in the spirit to a vantage point on a great and high mountain to see new jerusalem descend out of heaven the enormous city comes out of heaven down to the new earth john s elaborate description of new jerusalem retains many features of the garden of eden and the paradise garden such as rivers a square shape a wall and the tree of life description of the city edit according to john the new jerusalem is pure gold like clear glass and its brilliance is like a very costly stone as a stone of crystal clear jasper the street of the city is also made of pure gold like transparent glass the base of the city is laid out in a square and surrounded by a wall made of jasper it says in revelation 21 16 that the height length and width are of equal dimensions as it was with the holy of holies in the tabernacle and first temple and they measure 12 000 furlongs approximately 1 500 miles john writes that the wall is 144 cubits which is assumed to be the thickness since the length is mentioned previously 144 cubits is about 65 meters or 72 yards 12 is the square root of 144 the number 12 was very important to early jews and christians and represented the 12 tribes of israel and 12 apostles of jesus christ the number symbolizes completeness in revelation 21 the four sides of the new city represent the four cardinal directions north south east and west in this way new jerusalem is thought of as an inclusive place with the 12 gates accepting all of the 12 tribes of israel from all corners of the earth there is no temple building in the new jerusalem god and the lamb are the city s temple since they are worshipped everywhere revelation 22 goes on to describe a river of the water of life that flows down the middle of the great street of the city from the throne of god the tree of life grows in the middle of the street and to both sides of the river the tree bears twelve kinds of fruit and yields its fruit every month according to john the leaves of the tree were for healing those of all nations this inclusion of the tree of life in the new jerusalem harkens back to the garden of eden the fruit the tree bears may be the fruit of life john states that the new jerusalem will be free of sin the servants of god will have theosis i e the power or likeness of god that is in his image of holiness and his name will be on their foreheads night will no longer fall and the inhabitants of the city will have need of no lamp nor light of the sun for the lord god gives them light john ends his account of the new jerusalem by stressing its eternal nature and they shall reign forever and ever gates edit it had a great high wall with twelve gates and with twelve angels in charge of the gates on the gates were written the names of the twelve tribes of the sons of israel there were three gates on each side three on the east three on the south three on the north and three on the west revelation 21 12 13 the twelve gates were twelve pearls each gate was made from a single pearl revelation 21 21a the gates in the north wall are named for reuben judah and levi those in the east wall for joseph benjamin and dan those in the south wall for simeon issachar and zebulun and those in the west wall are named for gad asher and naphtali ezekiel 48 31 34 the new jerusalem gates may bear some relation to the gates mentioned in enoch chapters 33 35 where the prophet enoch reports that from each of the four heavenly gates opening in heaven three new gates were seen distinctly separating off as if the extremities of the whole earth were pulling apart each of the four gates into three new ones thus the four gates were each replaced by three new ones totaling twelve i e 3 x 4 12 gates in all 33 3 ref laurence translation book of enoch citation needed geometry edit the angel measures the new jerusalem with the rod or reed note the lamb of god and the twelve sets of figures gates and stones in 21 16 the angel measures the city with a golden rod or reed and records it as 12 000 stadia by 12 000 stadia at the base and 12 000 stadia high a stadion is usually stated as 185 meters or 607 feet so the base has dimensions of about 2220 km by 2220 km or 1380 miles by 1380 miles in the ancient greek system of measurement the base of the new jerusalem would have been equal to 144 million square stadia 4 9 million square kilometers or 1 9 million square miles roughly midway between the sizes of australia and india if rested on the earth its ceiling would be inside the upper boundary of the exosphere but outside the lower boundary 22 by way of comparison the international space station maintains an orbit with an altitude of about 386 km 240 mi above the earth 23 revelation 21 22 edit the book of revelation may have been composed during the end of the 1st century ad near the end of domitian s reign a d 96 although some date it to the later end of the reign of emperor nero domitius 54 to 68 ce the work is addressed to the seven churches that are in asia 1 4 revelation is normally broken into three sections the prologue 1 1 3 22 the visions 4 1 22 5 and the epilogue 22 6 20 this study is principally concerned with chapter 21 the author of revelation was both a jew by birth and a believing christian the author and the addressees of revelation are searching for the lord to vindicate them and judge the inhabitants of the earth for their suffering 6 10 the fall of jerusalem coupled with the neronian persecutions form the tension within the subtext of revelation throughout revelation several references to the temple are made rev 3 12 7 15 11 19 14 15 16 1 this temple appears to be of heavenly origin when the eschaton arrives in rev 21 1 the reader expects the temple to come down from heaven with the new jerusalem revelation 21 even contains typical new jerusalem terminology that accompanies a restored temple specific measurements are given for the new city ezekiel 40 48 4q554 and the city is built with gold sapphires and emeralds isaiah tobit in addition 21 21 references the twelve gates revelation maintains another typical aspect of new jerusalem tradition the reunification of the twelve tribes of israel ezekiel 48 33 34 4q554 verse 22 marks a sudden and remarkable shift in new jerusalem apocalyptic rhetoric i saw no temple in the city for its temple is the lord god almighty and the lamb following with the tradition of 3 baruch and 4 sibylline oracles revelation foresees an eschaton without the temple why has the revelation suddenly denied an eschatological temple verse 23 sheds light on this disparity verse 23 proclaims and the city has no need of sun or moon to shine on it for the glory of god is the light and its lamp is the lamb for the author of revelation there is no need for a temple because the lord will be the new jerusalem s eternal light and jesus the lamb will be its lamp this re interpretation uses isaiah to make its case the lord will be your everlasting light and your god will be your glory your sun shall no more go down or your moon withdraw itself for the lord will be your everlasting light and your days of mourning shall be ended isaiah 60 19 the temple is discarded in the eschaton because the lord will provide illumination for the new jerusalem and christ will be the glory for its residents henceforth christians believed that the new jerusalem no longer required a temple for christians their lord sufficiently replaced the temple new jerusalem dead sea scrolls edit discovered among the dead sea scrolls near qumran israel were fragments of a scroll which describes new jerusalem in minute detail the new jerusalem scroll as it is called appears to contain apocalyptic vision although being fragmented it is hard to categorize written in aramaic the text describes a vast city rectangular in shape with twelve gates and encircled by a long wall similar descriptions appear in ezekiel 40 48 and revelation 21 22 and comparison to the temple scroll also found near qumran shows many similarities despite no direct literary links between the two montanism edit from the middle of the 2nd century ce to the middle of the 6th century ce the ancient christian sect of montanism which spread throughout the roman empire expected the new jerusalem to descend to earth at the neighboring phrygian towns of pepuza and tymion in late antiquity both places attracted crowds of pilgrims from all over the roman empire pepuza was the headquarters of the montanist church the montanist patriarch resided at pepuza women played an emancipated role in montanism serving as priests and also bishops in the 6th century ce this church became extinct since 2001 peter lampe of the university of heidelberg has directed annual archaeological campaigns in phrygia turkey during these interdisciplinary campaigns together with william tabbernee of tulsa oklahoma numerous unknown ancient settlements were discovered and archaeologically documented two of them are the best candidates so far in the search for the identification of the two holy centers of ancient montanism pepuza and tymion the sites of the expected descent of the new jerusalem scholars had searched for these lost sites since the 19th century the ancient settlement discovered and identified as pepuza by william tabbernee and peter lampe was settled continuously from hellenistic times to byzantine times in byzantine times an important rock cut monastery belonged to the town the town is in the phrygian karahallı area near the village of karayakuplu uşak province aegean region turkey the ancient site of tymion identified by peter lampe is located not far away at the turkish village of şükranje for the montanists the high plane between pepuza and tymion was an ideal landing place for the heavenly new jerusalem catholicism edit the new jerusalem julius schnorr von carolsfeld 1860 the catholic church places the new jerusalem in the eschatological role found in revelation catholicism also holds that the new jerusalem already exists as a spiritual community in heaven the church triumphant with an outpost on earth the church militant together the church triumphant church militant and church suffering form the church universal augustine of hippo a doctor of the church and church father draws inspiration from john s account of the new jerusalem to outline this view in his monumental work the city of god the catholic encyclopedia article on heaven states that catholic theologians deem more appropriate that there should be a special and glorious abode in which the blessed have their peculiar home and where they usually abide even though they be free to go about in this world for the surroundings in the midst of which the blessed have their dwelli...
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