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eng hok kiàn uā alternative chinese name traditional chinese 檳城 福建話 simplified chinese 槟城 福建话 tâi lô pin siânn hok kiàn uā transcriptions standard mandarin hanyu pinyin bīnchéng fújiànhuà southern min hokkien poj pin siâⁿ hok kiàn ōa tâi lô pin siânn hok kiàn uā flag of penang where penang hokkien is natively spoken a man speaking penang hokkien penang hokkien chinese 庇能福建話 pe̍h ōe jī pī né͘ng hok kiàn ōa tâi lô pī néeng hok kiàn uā ipa pi nɛŋ hɔk̚ kiɛn ua is a local variant of hokkien spoken in penang malaysia it is spoken natively by 63 9 of penang s chinese community 5 and also by some penangite indians and penangite malays 6 it was once the lingua franca among the majority chinese population in penang kedah perlis and northern perak however since the 1980s many younger speakers have shifted towards malaysian mandarin under the speak mandarin campaign in chinese medium schools in malaysia even though mandarin was not previously spoken in these regions 7 8 9 6 10 11 mandarin has been adopted as the only language of instruction in chinese schools and from the 1980s to mid 2010s these schools penalised students and teachers for using non mandarin varieties of chinese 12 a 2021 study found that penang hokkien was a threatened language in the expanded graded intergenerational disruption scale due to the encroachment of mandarin 13 penang hokkien is a subdialect of zhangzhou 漳州 tsiang tsiu hokkien with extensive use of malay and english loanwords compared to dialects in fujian 福建 hok kiàn province it most closely resembles the variety spoken in the district of haicang 海滄 hái tshng in longhai 龍海 liông hái county and in the districts of jiaomei 角美 kak bí and xinglin 杏林 hēng lîm in neighbouring xiamen 廈門 ēe muî prefecture citation needed in southeast asia similar dialects are spoken in the states bordering penang kedah perlis and northern perak as well as in medan and north sumatra indonesia it is markedly distinct from southern peninsular malaysian hokkien singaporean hokkien and taiwanese hokkien orthography edit penang hokkien is largely a spoken language however it can be written in chinese characters 唐人字 tn̂g lâng jī or romanised in the latin script 紅毛字 âng môo jī penang hokkien has a growing body of written particularly romanised material thanks largely in part to its increasing online presence on social media many topics focus on the language itself such as dictionaries and learning materials this is linked to efforts to preserve revitalise and promote the language as part of penang s cultural heritage due to increasing awareness of the loss of penang hokkien usage among younger generations in favour of mandarin and english the standard romanisation systems commonly used in these materials are based on tâi lô and pe̍͘h ōa jī with varying modifications to suit penang hokkien phonology a char koay teow stall an example of how a penangite writes penang hokkien using ad hoc methods the hokkien language association of penang persatuan bahasa hokkien pulau pinang 庇能福建話協會 is one such organisation which promotes the language s usage and revitalisation through their speak hokkien campaign they promote a tâi lô based system modified to suit the phonology of penang hokkien and its loanwords this system is used throughout this article and its features are detailed below the speak hokkien campaign also promotes the use of traditional chinese characters derived from recommended character lists for written hokkien published by taiwan s ministry of education most native speakers are not aware of these standardised systems and resort to ad hoc methods of romanisation based on english malay and pinyin spelling rules these methods are in common use for many proper names and food items e g char kway teow 炒粿條 tshá kúe tiâu these spellings are often inconsistent and highly variable with several alternate spellings being well established e g char koay teow these methods which are more intuitive to the average native speaker are the basis of non standard romanisation systems used in some written material phonology edit consonants edit initials labial alveolar palatal velar glottal plain sibilant nasal m m 名 miâ n n 爛 nuā ng ŋ 硬 ngēe plosive affricate plain p p 比 pí t t 大 tuā ts ts 姊 tsí k k 教 kàu ʔ 影 iánn aspirated ph pʰ 脾 phî th tʰ 拖 thua tsh tsʰ 飼 tshī kh kʰ 扣 khàu voiced b b 米 bí d d tsian doi 煎蕊 j dz 字 jī g g 牛 gû fricative f f sóo fá 沙發 s s 時 sî sh ʃ kú shérn 古申 h h 喜 hí lateral l l 賴 luā approximant r ɹ ríng gi̋t 令吉 y j sa yang 捎央 w w 我 wá unlike other dialects of hokkien alveolar affricates and fricatives remain the same and do not undergo palatalisation to become alveolo palatal before i e g 時 si instead of ɕi words that begin with a null initial i e begin with a vowel without a preceding consonant may feature an initial glottal stop ʔ this is not indicated in writing the consonants w and y are only used in the spelling of loanwords they may be analysed in terms of native hokkien phonology as beginning with a null initial and may instead be spelled with u and i respectively e g 我 wá uá and 捎央 sa yang sa iang the consonants d f sh and r are only used in loanwords finals bilabial alveolar velar glottal nasal m m 暗 à m n n 安 a n ng ŋ 紅 â ng plosive p p̚ 答 ta p t t̚ 殺 sa t k k̚ 角 ka k h ʔ 鴨 a h syllabic consonant bilabial velar nasal m m̩ 毋 m̄ ng ŋ̍ 霜 s ng vowels edit monophthongs front back simple nasal simple nasal close i i 伊 i inn ĩ 圓 înn u u 有 ū close mid e e 會 ē o o 蠔 ô open mid ee ɛ 下 ēe enn ɛ̃ 嬰 enn oo ɔ 烏 oo onn ɔ̃ 嗚 onn open a a 亞 a ann ã 餡 ānn diphthongs triphthongs diphthong triphthong ai ai 愛 ài ia ia 椰 iâ io io 腰 io iu iu 油 iû ue ue 鍋 ue iau iau 枵 iau au au 後 āu ia iɛ 燕 ià n ioo iɔ 娘 n iôo ua ua 話 uā ui ui 為 uī uai uai 歪 uai in the tâi lô system for penang hokkien nasal vowels are indicated using final nn while pe̍͘h ōa jī uses superscript ⁿ vowel nasalisation occurs in words that have nasal initials m n ng however this is not explicitly indicated in writing with either nn or ⁿ e g 卵 nūi nuĩ instead of nūinn nūiⁿ for most speakers who are not familiar with tâi lô or pe̍͘h ōa jī nasalisation is commonly indicated by putting an n after the initial consonant of a word this is commonly seen for the popular penang delicacy tau sar pneah 豆沙餅 tāu sa piánn in other instances nasalisation may not be indicated at all such as in popiah 薄餅 po̍h piánn or as in the common last name ooi 黃 uînn the final ioo is only written in conjunction with words that have an initial n e g 娘 niôo in this instance it is pronounced iɔ̃ and is a variant of ionn with nasalisation instead indicated by the nasal initial the rime ionn is a variant pronunciation of iaunn the two may be used interchangeably in penang hokkien e g 張 tiaunn tionn 羊 iâunn iônn when ia is followed by final n or t it is pronounced iɛ with ian and iat being pronounced as iɛn and iɛt̚ respectively in speech these sounds are often reduced to ɛn and ɛt̚ e g 免 mián mén the diphthong ua may be spelled wa in loanwords e g 我 wá uá the diphthong ia may be spelled ya in loanwords e g sa yang sa iang 捎央 there are clear distinction between e and ɛ vowel in penang hokkien for example the term 家 home is pronounced as kɛ tâi lô kee pe̍͘h ōa jī ke͘ while 雞 chicken is pronounced as ke which is transcribed as ke in both tâi lô and pe̍͘h ōa jī however a lot of penang hokkien tâi lô or pe̍͘h ōa jī users were prone to ignore the difference reasons being the absence of formal letter on ɛ from the orthodox pe̍h ōe jī which is based on amoy accent and there are lack of support from most mainstream poj input methods for the letter e͘ despite the existence of formal notation of ɛ in tâi lô as ee some tâi lô users were seems to neglect it too possibly due to the influence from taiwanese online resources which don t include letter ee and not aware of it non native vowels used in loanwords tâi lô ipa example note er ə b ēr liân occurs in quanzhou accented varieties of hokkien such as those spoken in southern malaysia and singapore used in malay and english loanwords y y 豬腸粉 ts ý tshiông fân used in cantonese loanwords may be pronounced as i ei ei 無釐頭 môu l êi thāu used in cantonese loanwords eoi ɵy 濕濕碎 sa̋p sa̋p s êoi an alternate pronunciation of ue due to cantonese influence used in cantonese loanwords may be pronounced as ue oi ɔi 糜 m ôi used in malay english cantonese and teochew loanwords replaces ol in malay loanwords e g bo̍t toi 瓿瓵 botol tsian doi 煎蕊 cendol note the change from final l in standard malay to i is a general feature of penang malay the local variety from which penang hokkien borrows this phonological change can be seen in other loanwords from penang malay e g sām bai 參峇 sambal ou ou 大佬 tāi l ôu used in cantonese and teochew loanwords rhymes edit vowel s open nasal plosive ̃ m n ŋ p̚ t̚ k̚ ʔ a a ann am an ang ap at ak ah ai ai ainn aih au au auh e e eng ek eh ɛ ee enn em en eeng et eek eeh ə er ern ert erh ei ei i i inn im in ing ip it ik ih ia ia iann iam iang iap iak iah iɛ ian iat iau iau iaunn io io ioh iɔ ioo ionn iong iok iu iu vowel s open nasal plosive ̃ m n ŋ p̚ t̚ k̚ ʔ o o um ung uk oh ɔ oo onn om on ong ot ok ooh ɔi oi ou ou u u un ut uh ua ua uann uan uang uat uah uai uai uainn ue ue ueh ui ui uinn y y yn ɵy eoi m̩ m ŋ̍ ng used in loanwords variants and onomatopoeia tones edit in penang hokkien the two departing tones 3rd 7th are virtually identical and may not be distinguished except in their sandhi forms most native speakers of penang hokkien are therefore only aware of four tones in unchecked syllables high low rising high falling and two entering tones high and low in checked syllables in most systems of romanisation this is accounted as seven tones altogether the tones are penang hokkien tones 14 upper dark 陰 lower light 陽 no name tl contour sandhied no name tl contour sandhied level 平 1 陰平 im piânn a 44 21 5 陽平 iông piânn â 23 21 rising 上 2 上聲 sióng siann á 53 44 445 departing 去 3 陰去 im khì à 21 53 7 陽去 iông khì ā 21 21 44 entering 入 4 陰入 im ji̍p a ʔ 3 ʔ 4 8 陽入 iông ji̍p a̍ ʔ 4 ʔ 3 note entering tones 4 8 only occur in closed syllables where represents either p t k or h the names of the tones no longer bear any relation to the tone contours the upper rising 2nd tone has two variants in penang hokkien a high falling tone 53 and a high rising tone 445 the high falling tone 53 is more common among the older generations while in the younger generations there has been a shift towards the use of the high rising tone 445 when the 3rd tone is sandhied to the 2nd tone the high falling variant 53 is used however some speakers may sandhi the 3rd tone to the 1st tone 44 14 as in amoy and zhangzhou there is no lower rising 6th tone tone sandhi edit penang hokkien like other hokkien dialects albeit less extensive 14 features tone sandhi 變調 piàn tiāu a process where the tone of a character changes if it is followed by another character as part of a multisyllabic compound when a character is read in isolation as a monosyllabic word or as the final character in a multisyllabic compound it is pronounced with its original tone 本調 pún tiāu within a multisyllabic compound every character except for the one in the final position undergoes tone sandhi for example the word 牛 gû in isolation is pronounced with an ascending tone 23 but when it combines with a following syllable as in 牛肉 gû bah it undergoes tone sandhi and is pronounced with a low tone 21 meanwhile 肉 bah in the final position is pronounced with its original tone ʔ 3 this process occurs regardless of the length of the compound for example in 牛肉粿條湯 gû bah kué tiâu thng the first 4 characters are pronounced with their sandhied tone while only the final character 湯 thng is pronounced with its original tone in both tâi lô and pe̍͘h ōa jī based romanisation systems compounds are indicated with the use of hyphens linking the individual syllables single hyphens are most often used and linked syllables undergo tone sandhi as described above double hyphens are used in instances where the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi tone marks always show the original tone and do not change to indicate the sandhied tone in a compound 1st 7th 5th 2nd 3rd 4th 8th the general tone sandhi rules for penang hokkien are as follows 5th becomes 7th 7th becomes 3rd 3rd becomes 2nd for some speakers becomes 1st 2nd becomes 1st 1st becomes 7th checked syllables p t k h 4th becomes 8th 8th becomes 4th although the two departing tones 3rd 7th are virtually identical in penang hokkien in their sandhi forms they become 53 and 21 and are thus easily distinguishable relationship between hokkien and mandarin tones edit there is a reasonably reliable correspondence between hokkien and mandarin tones upper level hokkien 1st tone mandarin 1st tone e g 雞 ke jī lower level hokkien 5th tone mandarin 2nd tone e g 龍 lêng lóng rising hokkien 2nd tone mandarin 3rd tone e g 馬 bée mǎ departing hokkien 3rd 7th tones mandarin 4th tone e g 兔 thòo tù 象 tshiōnn xiàng words with entering tones all end with p t k or h glottal stop as mandarin no longer has any entering tones there is no simple corresponding relationship for the hokkien 4th and 8th tones e g 國 kok guó but 發 huat fā the tone in mandarin often depends on what the initial consonant of the syllable is see the article on entering tones for details literary and colloquial pronunciations edit hokkien has not been taught in schools in penang since the establishment of the republic of china in 1911 when mandarin was made the chinese national language as such few if any people have received any formal instruction in hokkien and it is not used for literary purposes however as in other variants of min nan most words have both literary and colloquial pronunciations literary variants are generally eschewed in favour of colloquial pronunciations e g 大學 tuā o̍h instead of tāi ha̍k though literary pronunciations still appear in limited circumstances e g in given names but generally not surnames e g 安 an rather than uann 玉 gio̍k rather than ge̍k 月 gua̍t rather than gue̍h 明 bêng rather than mêe in a few surnames e g 葉 ia̍p rather than hio̍h in other proper names e g 龍山堂 liông san tông rather than lêng suann tn̂g in certain set phrases e g 差不多 tsha put to rather than tshee m̄ to 見笑 kiàn siàu rather than kìnn tshiò in certain names of plants herbs and spices e g 木瓜 bo̍k kua rather than ba̍k kua 五香 ngóo hiong rather than gōo hiong in names of certain professions eg 學生 ha̍k seng instead of o̍h senn 醫生 i seng rather than i senn and 老君 ló kun instead of lāu kun a notable exception is 先生 sin senn unlike in china taiwan and the philippines the literary pronunciations of numbers higher than two are not used when giving telephone numbers etc e g 二五四 jī gōo sì instead of jī ngóo sù differences from other varieties of hokkien edit penang hokkien has differences in pronunciation and vocabulary when compared to other varieties of hokkien although penang hokkien has many similarities to zhangzhou hokkien from which it is derived it also has...
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