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tion 6 1 religious traditions 6 2 anthropology 6 3 neuroscience and psychology 7 see also 8 references 9 bibliography 10 external links toggle the table of contents god 213 languages afrikaans alemannisch алтай тил አማርኛ aragonés ænglisc obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া asturianu aymar aru azərbaycanca تۆرکجه башҡортса basa bali boarisch žemaitėška bikol central bajau sama беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български भोजपुरी bislama banjar বাংলা brezhoneg bosanski batak mandailing буряад català нохчийн کوردی corsu čeština словѣньскъ ⱄⰾⱁⰲⱑⱀⱐⱄⰽⱏ чӑвашла cymraeg dansk dagbanli deutsch dagaare zazaki eʋegbe ελληνικά emiliàn e rumagnòl esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi võro fɔ̀ngbè français furlan frysk gaeilge kriyòl gwiyannen gàidhlig galego avañe ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी gõychi konknni bahasa hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 ગુજરાતી gaelg hausa 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն արեւմտահայերէն interlingua bahasa indonesia interlingue igbo ilokano гӏалгӏай ido íslenska medžuslovjansky italiano 日本語 jawa ქართული qaraqalpaqsha taqbaylit jju адыгэбзэ kabɩyɛ tyap қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ yerwa kanuri 한국어 کٲشُر kurdî kernowek latina ladino lëtzebuergesch lingua franca nova ligure ladin lombard lingála lietuvių latviešu madhurâ मगही malagasy minangkabau македонски മലയാളം монгол मराठी bahasa melayu mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ эрзянь مازِرونی nedersaksies plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål ߒߞߏ isindebele sesewula nouormand sesotho sa leboa occitan livvinkarjala oromoo ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ picard polski piemontèis پنجابی پښتو português runa simi rumantsch romani čhib română armãneashti русский русиньскый ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ sicilianu scots سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски සිංහල simple english slovenčina slovenščina chishona shqip српски srpski siswati sesotho seeltersk svenska kiswahili ślůnski தமிழ் తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog toki pona tok pisin türkçe xitsonga татарча tatarça chitumbuka twi ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto vepsän kel tiếng việt west vlams volapük walon winaray wolof 吴语 isixhosa მარგალური ייִדיש zeêuws 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 isizulu edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects abstract wikipedia wikimedia commons wikiquote wikiversity wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia supreme deity in theistic belief systems this article is about the supreme being in religious belief systems for a broader meaning of the word god see deity for other uses see god disambiguation left to right top to bottom representations of god in christianity islam judaism baháʼí faith zoroastrianism and hinduism a supreme deity supreme being supreme god or simply just god often with capital g is a deity within theistic belief systems which is believed to be the cause of all things in existence as such it is seen as the creator sustainer and ruler of the universe god is often thought of as incorporeal and independent of the material creation 1 2 3 conceptions of god vary considerably many notable theologians and philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of god 4 in monotheistic religious belief systems 5 god is usually viewed as the principal foundation of faith 1 atheism rejects the belief in god or any other deity agnosticism is the belief that the existence of god is unknown or unknowable some theists view knowledge concerning god as derived from faith god is often conceived as the greatest entity in existence 1 god is sometimes seen as omnibenevolent while deism holds that god is not involved with humanity apart from creation some traditions attach spiritual significance to maintaining a relationship with god often involving acts such as worship and prayer and see god as the source of all moral obligation 1 god is sometimes described without reference to gender but more often is referred to using gender specific terminology god is referred to by different names depending on the language and cultural tradition sometimes with different titles of god used in reference to god s various attributes under polytheistic beliefs a god or god with lesser case g is a spirit or being believed to have created or to control some part of the universe or life for which such a deity is often worshipped 6 etymology and usage main article god word the earliest written form of the germanic word god comes from the 6th century codex argenteus containing a gothic translation of the bible the english word itself is derived from the proto germanic ǥuđan the reconstructed proto indo european form ǵhu tó m was probably based on the root ǵhau ə which meant either to call or to invoke 7 the germanic words for god were originally neuter but during the process of the christianization of the germanic peoples from their indigenous germanic paganism the words became a masculine syntactic form 8 in english capitalization is used when the word is used as a proper noun as well as for other names by which a god is known consequently the capitalized form of god is not used for multiple gods or when used to refer to the generic idea of a deity 9 10 the english word god and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and in spite of significant differences between religions the term remains an english translation common to all general conceptions see also conceptions of god hindu deities vishnu lakshmi shiva parvati and ganesha who are often viewed as aspects of the same ultimate reality called brahman in hindu theology oneness see also monotheism and henotheism a deity or god with lowercase g refers to a supernatural being 11 monotheism is the belief that there is only one deity referred to as god with uppercase g comparing or equating other entities to god is viewed as idolatry in monotheism and is often strongly condemned judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic traditions in the world 12 islam s most fundamental concept is tawhid meaning oneness or uniqueness 13 the first pillar of islam is an oath that forms the basis of the religion and which non muslims wishing to convert must recite declaring that i testify that there is no deity except god 14 the ancient greek philosopher xenophanes referred to one god greatest among gods and men highlighting one god who is greater than the multiple gods 15 in christianity the doctrine of the trinity describes god as one god in father son jesus and holy spirit 16 in past centuries this fundamental mystery of the christian faith was also summarized by the latin formula sancta trinitas unus deus holy trinity unique god reported in the litanias lauretanas god is viewed differently by diverse strands of the hindu religion with most hindus having faith in a supreme reality brahman who can be manifested in numerous chosen deities thus the religion is sometimes characterized as polymorphic monotheism 17 henotheism is the belief and worship of a single god at a time while accepting the validity of worshiping other deities 18 monolatry is the belief in a single deity worthy of worship while accepting the existence of other deities 19 transcendence see also pantheism and panentheism transcendence is the aspect of god s nature that is completely independent of the material universe and its physical laws many supposed characteristics of god are described in human terms anselm thought that god did not feel emotions such as anger or love but appeared to do so through our imperfect understanding the incongruity of judging being against something that might not exist led many medieval philosophers approach to knowledge of god through negative attributes called negative theology for example one should not say that god is wise but can say that god is not ignorant i e in some way god has some properties of knowledge christian theologian alister mcgrath writes that one has to understand a personal god as an analogy to say that god is like a person is to affirm the divine ability and willingness to relate to others this does not imply that god is human or located at a specific point in the universe 20 pantheism holds that god is the universe and the universe is god and denies that god transcends the universe 21 for pantheist philosopher baruch spinoza the whole of the natural universe is made of one substance god or its equivalent nature 22 23 pantheism is sometimes objected to as not providing any meaningful explanation of god with the german philosopher arthur schopenhauer stating pantheism is only a euphemism for atheism 24 pandeism holds that god was a separate entity but then became the universe 25 26 panentheism holds that god contains but is not identical to the universe 27 28 creator see also creator deity god blessing the seventh day 1805 watercolor painting by william blake god is often viewed as the cause of all that exists for pythagoreans monad variously referred to divinity the first being or an indivisible origin 29 the philosophy of plato and plotinus refers to the one which is the first principle of reality that is beyond being 30 and is both the source of the universe and the teleological purpose of all things 31 aristotle theorized a first uncaused cause for all motion in the universe and viewed it as perfectly beautiful immaterial unchanging and indivisible aseity is the property of not depending on any cause other than itself for its existence avicenna held that there must be a necessarily existent guaranteed to exist by its essence it cannot not exist and that humans identify this as god 32 secondary causation refers to god creating the laws of the universe which then can change themselves within the framework of those laws in addition to the initial creation occasionalism refers to the idea that the universe would not by default continue to exist from one instant to the next and so would need to rely on god as a sustainer while divine providence refers to any intervention by god it is usually used to refer to special providence where there is an extraordinary intervention by god such as miracles 33 34 omnipotence and omniscience main articles omnipotence and omniscience omnipotence all powerful and omniscience all knowing are attributes often ascribed to god the omnipotence paradox is most often framed with the example could god create a stone so heavy that even he could not lift it as god could either be unable to create that stone or lift that stone and so could not be omnipotent this is often countered with variations of the argument that omnipotence like any other attribute ascribed to god only applies as far as it is noble enough to befit god and thus god cannot lie or do what is contradictory as that would entail opposing himself 35 omniscience implies that god knows how free agents will choose to act if god does know this either their free will might be illusory or foreknowledge does not imply predestination and if god does not know it god may not be omniscient 36 open theism limits god s omniscience by contending that due to the nature of time god s omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future and process theology holds that god does not have immutability so is affected by his creation other concepts god has also been conceived as being incorporeal immaterial a personal being the source of all moral obligation and the greatest conceivable existent 1 these attributes were all supported to varying degrees by the early jewish christian and muslim theologian philosophers including maimonides 37 augustine of hippo 37 and al ghazali 4 respectively theologians of theistic personalism the view held by rené descartes isaac newton alvin plantinga richard swinburne william lane craig and most modern evangelicals argue that god is most generally the ground of all being immanent in and transcendent over the whole world of reality with immanence and transcendence being the contrapletes of personality 38 relationship with creation an sculpture depicting worship to the great spirit deism holds that god exists but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it 39 such as answering prayers or producing miracles deists sometimes attribute this to god having no interest in or not being aware of humanity pandeists would hold that god does not intervene because god is the universe 40 of those theists who hold that god has an interest in humanity most hold that god is omnipotent omniscient and omnibenevolent this belief raises questions about god s responsibility for evil and suffering in the world dystheism which is related to theodicy is a form of theism which holds that god is either not wholly good or is fully malevolent as a consequence of the problem of evil worship praying hands by albrecht dürer see also worship prayer and supplication religious traditions that include a supreme deity often require its worship and sometimes hold that the purpose of existence is to worship god 41 42 to address the issue of an all powerful being demanding to be worshipped it is held that god does not need or benefit from worship but that worship is for the benefit of the worshipper 43 mahatma gandhi expressed the view that god does not need his supplication and that prayer is not an asking it is a longing of the soul it is a daily admission of one s weakness 44 invoking god in prayer plays a significant role among many believers depending on the tradition god can be viewed as a personal god who is only to be invoked directly while other traditions allow praying to intermediaries such as saints to intercede on their behalf prayer often also includes supplication such as asking forgiveness god is often believed to be forgiving for example a hadith states god would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance 45 sacrifice for the sake of god is another act of devotion that includes fasting and almsgiving remembrance of god in daily life include mentioning interjections thanking god when feeling gratitude or phrases of adoration such as repeating chants while performing other activities salvation main article salvation transtheistic religious traditions may believe in the existence of deities but deny any spiritual significance to them the term has been used to describe certain strands of buddhism 46 jainism and stoicism 47 among religions that do attach spirituality to the relationship with god disagree as how to best worship god and what is god s plan for mankind there are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions one view is taken by exclusivists who believe they are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth generally through revelation ...
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