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al different locative endings in slovak e used for singular nouns of all genders except masculine animate e g stôl o stole láska v láske mesto po meste u used for masculine inanimate singular nouns ending in a velar consonant e g hliník o hliníku mozog v mozgu bok na boku vzduch vo vzduchu or a glottal consonant e g hloh po hlohu all neuter singular nouns ending in kv chv iv uv v being o or um e g jablko v jablku ucho na uchu akvárium pri akváriu vákuum vo vákuu i used for masculine inanimate nouns ending in a soft consonant c č ď dz dž j ľ ň š ť ž e g ovládač remote o ovládači about the remote tŕň v tŕni feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant or a soft consonant followed by a e g vôňa o vôni kosť bone o kosti about bone feminine nouns ending in ia or ea e g mária na márii andrea v andrei neuter nouns ending in e or ie e g srdce pri srdci í used for neuter nouns ending in ie e g vysvedčenie na vysvedčení ovi used for masculine animate nouns e g chlap o chlapovi hrdina po hrdinovi om used for masculine and neuter singular adjectives pekný pekné o peknom ej used for feminine singular adjectives and feminine nouns ending in á pekná gazdiná na peknej gazdinej m used for masculine animate nouns following the kuli pattern being most names in i y etc e g harry o harrym och used for masculine nouns in plural e g malí chlapi o malých chlapoch ách used for plural feminine and neuter nouns e g ženy women o ženách about women there are variations ach used when the preceding vowel is long or a diphthong ia ie iu ô e g lásky v láskach dielo pri dielach iach used after soft consonants e g schopnosť o schopnostiach srdce v srdciach ích ých used for plural adjectives of all genders e g malé obchody small shops v malých obchodoch in small shops with the variation ich ych when the preceding vowel is long rýchle autá fast cars o rýchlych autách about fast cars see also slovak declension for declension patterns for all slovak grammatical cases including locative polish edit there are several different locative endings in polish e is used after hard consonant except for k g and c h in masculine and neuter nouns in feminine nouns it is used after all hard consonant including k g and c h the ending has a softening effect on the preceding consonant brat bracie rzeka rzece noga nodze rower rowerze piekło piekle for a complete list see polish hard and soft consonants u is used for masculine and neuter nouns after a soft consonant hardened consonant k g and c h koń koniu słońce słońcu dach dachu y is used in feminine nouns after hardened consonants ulica ulicy cisza ciszy róża róży i is used in feminine nouns after soft consonants kawiarnia kawiarni fasola fasoli hania hani im ym used for masculine and neuter singular adjectives e g język polski polish language w języku polskim in the polish language ej used for feminine singular adjectives e g duża krowa big cow o dużej krowie about a big cow in plural ach used for plural nouns of all genders e g kobiety women o kobietach about women ich ych used for plural adjectives of all genders e g małe sklepy small shops w małych sklepach in small shops russian edit in the russian language the locative case has largely lost its use as an independent case and become the prepositional case which is used only after a preposition the latter is not always used to indicate location while other cases may also be used to specify location e g the genitive case as in у окна u okna by the window statements such as в библиотеке v biblioteke in the library or на аляске na aljaske in alaska demonstrate the use of the prepositional case to indicate location however this case is also used after the preposition о about as in о студенте o studente about the student nevertheless approximately 150 masculine nouns retain a distinct form for the locative case used only after в and на these forms end in у́ or ю́ лежать в снегу́ ležať v snegú to lie in the snow but думать о сне́ге dumať o snége to think about snow other examples are рай raj paradise в раю́ дым dym smoke and в дыму́ v dymú as indicated by the accent marks the stress is always on the last syllable which is unlike the dative case forms with the same spelling a few feminine nouns that end with the soft sign such as дверь and пыль also have a locative form that differs from the prepositional in that the stress shifts to the final syllable на двери́ na dverí on the door but при две́ри pri dvéri by the door these distinct feminine forms are sometimes referenced as second locative or new locative because they developed independently from the true locative case which existed in old russian 1 2 3 with some words such as дом dom house the second locative form is used only in certain idiomatic expressions while the prepositional is used elsewhere for example на дому́ na domu at the house or at home would be used to describe activity that is performed at home while на до́ме on the house would be used to specify the location of the roof ukrainian edit the ukrainian language uses the locative case to denote locations for example a pen is on a book would be written as ручка на книжці ruchka na knyzhtsi in the locative 4 ukrainian locative and instrumental cases usually go with a preposition unlike the other four cases in ukrainian grammar that may generally be employed without prepositions the most common locative prepositions are на na on and в у уві ув v u uvi uv in usage of these four different variations of in depends on whether the next word starts with a consonant or vowel 5 the locative is used to indicate static spatial relationships and to talk about thoughts discussions and nuanced ideas 4 6 it is distinguished from dynamic spatial relationships 6 which indicate action or motion 4 6 and are expressed in the accusative case in ukrainian and most other east slavic languages 6 the adlative goal function which in most east slavic grammars is prescribed to be expressed in accusative for example ми поклали книжку на стіл my poklaly knyzhku na stil we laid a book onto the table may in ukrainian sometimes be expressed in locative instead ми поклали книжку на столі my poklaly knyzhku na stoli we laid a book on the table but it is only considered acceptable under certain circumstances 7 ukrainian unlike russian still retains a fully functional locative case however during the russification of soviet ukraine between the 1930s and the 1980s several expressions in the ukrainian language using the locative case such as на адресу na adresu at the address were changed by soviet linguistic policies in this instance to a genitive case to за адресою za adresoyu in order to conform to standard russian за адресом za adresom 8 on the other hand post soviet users of surzhyk may mistakenly be employing the locative russian form instead of the instrumental ukrainian form in a sentence like the book is written in english 9 standard ukrainian книга написана англійською мовою romanized knyha napysana anhlijs koju movoju lit book written english language instrumental case 9 surzhyk form книга написана на англійській мові romanized knyha napysana na anhlijs kij movi lit book written on english language locative case 9 standard russian книга написана на английском языке romanized kniga napisana na anglijskom jazyke lit book written on english language locative case 9 armenian edit in the eastern standard of the armenian language non animate nouns take ում um for the locative animate nouns referring to persons especially do not take the locative 1 համալսարանը hamalsaranə the university համալսարան ում hamalsaran um in at the university համալսարանը համալսարան ում hamalsaranə hamalsaran um the university in at the university 2 ճաշարան chasharan a restaurant ճաշարան ում chasharan um in at a restaurant ճաշարան ճաշարան ում chasharan chasharan um a restaurant in at a restaurant turkic languages edit the proto turkic language had a locative case and most turkic languages have retained it turkish edit the locative case exists in turkish as the suffix generally specified by da for instance in turkish okul means the school and okulda means in the school the morpheme may exist in four different forms depending on the preceding consonant and vowel the first phoneme of the locative d changes according to the previous consonant it is t after voiceless consonants but d elsewhere the vowel changes depending on the phonetic characteristics of the previous vowel it is a after a preceding back vowel and e after a preceding front vowel congruent with the vowel harmony of the language this gives four different versions of the morpheme ta as in kitapta in the book te as in kentte in the city da as in odada in the room de as in evde in the house azerbaijani edit the locative case also exists in azerbaijani similarly to turkish azerbaijani employs a system of vowel harmony throughout the language there are two simple locative case endings da as in kitabda in the book də as in şəhərdə in the city kazakh edit the locative case also exists in kazakh similarly to turkish kazakh employs a system of vowel harmony throughout the language there are four simple locative case endings та as in кітапта kitapta in the book те as in сөздікте sözdikte in the dictionary да as in қалада qalada in the city де as in бөлмеде bölmede in the room furthermore kazakh nouns frequently utilize a possessive affix to indicate a relationship between the object and its owner when forming the locative case of a noun in the presence of a possessive affix there are two possible endings нда as in ерболдың қаласында erboldıñ qalasında in erbol s city нде as in ерболдың сөздігінде erboldıñ sözdiginde in erbol s dictionary uyghur edit the locative case exists in uyghur similarly to turkish this gives four different versions of the morpheme دا da as in مەيداندا meydanda in the square دە de as in ئۆيدە öyde in the house تا ta as in ئاپتاپتا aptapta in the sunshine تە te as in دەرستە derste in the lesson uzbek edit the locative case exists also in uzbek for example in uzbek shahar means city and shahar da means in the city so using da suffix the locative case is marked uralic languages edit proto uralic has been reconstructed with a single state or stationary locative case with the ending na or nä in accordance with vowel harmony in many of its descendants additional locative cases were created by combining these endings with others inari sami edit in inari sami the locative suffix is st kielâ st in the language kieđa st in the hand hungarian edit in the hungarian language nine such cases exist yet the name locative case refers to a form t tt used only in a few city town names along with the inessive case or superessive case it can also be observed in a few local adverbs and postpositions it is no longer productive examples győr ött also győr ben pécs ett also pécs en vác ott also vác on kaposvár t and kaposvár ott also kaposvár on vásárhely t also vásárhely en i tt here o tt there imi tt amo tt there yonder ala tt under fölö tt over közö tt between among mögö tt behind etc the town city name suffixes ban ben are the inessive ones and the on en ön are the superessive ones finnic languages edit see also proto finnic locative system estonian locative system and finnish locative system in the finnic languages the original proto uralic locative became the essive case but is still found with a locative meaning in some fossilised expressions such as finnish kotona at home two new locative cases were created from the old locative the inessive case referring to internal location being inside with the reconstructed proto finnic ending ssa ssä from earlier s na s nä the adessive case referring to external location being on at with the reconstructed proto finnic ending lla llä from earlier l na l nä these endings still survive as such in several finnic languages including finnish but have been reduced to s and l in estonian and some others the finnic languages like some indo european languages latin russian irish do not normally use the verb to have to show possession the adessive case and the verb to be is used instead so that the combination literally means on at me is for example i have a house in estonian would be mul on maja in which mul is in the adessive case on is the third singular of to be is and maja is in nominative not accusative so maja is the subject on is the verb and mul is the indirect object this could be translated to english as at me is a house or a house is at me or there is a house at me etruscan edit the etruscan language has a locative ending in thi e g velsnalthi at velznani with reference to volsinii 10 11 algonquian languages edit algonquian languages have a locative cree edit in cree the locative suffix is ihk misâskwatômin saskatoon berry misâskwatôminihk at the saskatoon berry in saskatoon sk misâskwatôminiskâ be many saskatoon berries misâskwatôminiskâhk at the place of many saskatoon berries in saskatoon sk mînis berry mînisihk at the berry in saskatoon sk innu aimun edit in innu aimun the locative suffix is i t shipu river shipit at the river katshishkutamatsheutshuap school katshishkutamatsheutshuapit at school nuitsheuakan my friend nuitsheuakanit at my friend s house nipi water nipit in the water utenau town utenat in town references edit brown dunstan 2013 peripheral functions and overdifferentiation the russian second locative pdf surrey morphology group surrey uk university of surrey archived from the original on 3 april 2023 retrieved 21 august 2015 the locative case pdf archived pdf from the original on 2010 06 10 retrieved 2010 02 09 everything you always wanted to know about russian grammar but were afraid to ask archived 2010 05 04 at the wayback machine aatseel newsletter october 2007 pp 7 8 1 2 3 huys n 2024 ukrainian grammar for beginners nicky huys books pp 41 44 45 retrieved 4 january 2025 nedashkivska 2001 p 213 1 2 3 4 nedashkivska 2001 pp 213 214 nedashkivska 2001 p 215 bilaniuk 2005 pp 92 93 1 2 3 4 bilaniuk 2005 p 139 massimo pallottino 1975 the etruscans indiana university press pp 214 215 isbn 978 0 253 32080 3 archived from the original on 2023 04 03 retrieved 2020 09 25 massimo pittau 12 april 2018 dizionario della lingua etrusca dictionary of the etruscan language in italian ipazia books p 481 ggkey gn8gngzf3z8 archived from the original on 3 april 2023 retrieved 11 december 2018 bibliography edit buck carl darling 1933 comparative grammar of greek and latin chicago il university of chicago press bilaniuk l 2005 contested tongues language politics and cultural correction in ukraine cornell paperbacks cornell university press p 230 isbn 978 0 8014 7279 4 retrieved 4 january 2025 nedashkivska alla 2001 whither or where case choice and verbs of placement in contemporary ukrainian journal of slavic linguistics 9 2 slavica publishers 213 251 issn 1068 2090 jstor 24599580 retrieved 4 january 2025 external links edit look up locative case in wiktionary the free dictionary locative in the russian language in russ...
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