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nguists as decreolized though this notion is controversial 20 19 40 some speakers of that variety display a highly variable system of number and gender agreement as evidenced in possessive pronouns 41 personal pronouns edit 40 subject objective possessive 1st person mo mò mwin mô mâ sg fem mê pl 2nd person to twa tô tâ tê 3rd person li li sô sâ sê 1st plural nou no nouzòt nouzòt nou nô nouzòt 2nd plural vouzòt ouzòt zòt zo vouzòt zòt vouzòt 3rd plural yé yé yê possession is shown by noun noun possessum possessor constructions e g lamézon mô papa house of my grandfather or with the preposition a e g lamézon a mô papa house of my grandfather 40 verbs edit verbal morphology edit older forms of louisiana creole featured only one form of each verb without any inflection e g mɑ̃ʒe to eat today the language typically features two verb classes verbs with only a single form e g bwa bwɑ to drink and verbs with a long or short form e g manjé mɑ̃ʒe manj mɑ̃ʒ to eat 8 tense aspect mood edit like other creole languages louisiana creole features preverbal markers of tense aspect and mood as listed in the table below form classification meaning notes té anterior past state of adjectives and stative verbs pluperfect or habitual past of non stative verbs 42 apé ap é progressive ongoing actions form é is only used in pointe coupée 19 a va alé future future actions sa future states sé conditional actions or states which might take place bin remote past an action or state that began before and continued up to a subsequent point in time 19 likely a borrowing from african american english 41 vocabulary edit the vocabulary of louisiana creole is primarily of french origin as french is the language s lexifier some local vocabulary such as topography animals and plants are of american indian origin in the domains of folklore and voodoo the language has a small number of vocabulary items from west and central african languages 43 much of this non french vocabulary is shared with other french based creole languages of north america and louisiana creole shares all but a handful of its vocabulary with louisiana french 44 writing system edit louisiana creole has never had a standard universal orthography for example tʃwe to kill could variably be rendered tchué tchwé chwé and so on historically louisiana creole was often written in french based or pan creole orthographies the latter reminiscent of haitian creole writing in the most recent popular orthographic system described below the louisiana creole alphabet consists of twenty three letters of the iso basic latin alphabet excluding c q and x and several special letters and diacritics 45 letter name 46 name ipa diacritics phoneme correspondence 47 28 a a a a á á à à â â a æ æ æ æ æ b b bé be b ç ç çé se s d d dé de d e e e ə é é è è ê ê ə é e è ɛ f f èf ɛf f g g gé ɡe ɡ h h hash haʃ h i i i i í í ì ì î î i ì ɪ j j ji ʒi ʒ k k ka ka k l l èl ɛl l m m èmm ɛ̃m m n n ènn ɛ̃n n ñ ñ ñé ɲe ɲ o o o o ó ó ò ò ô ô o ò ɔ œ œ œ œ œ p p pé pe p r r ær èr æɾ ɛɾ r s s ès ɛs s t t té te t u u u y û û y v v vé ve v w w double vé dubləve w y y igrèk iɡɾɛk j z z zèd zɛd z digraph name name ipa phoneme correspondence ch ché tʃe tʃ dj djé dʒe dʒ ou ou u u sh shé ʃe ʃ nasals an am en em ɑ̃ in im ɛ̃ on om ɔ̃ un um œ̃ language samples edit numbers edit number louisiana creole ipa louisiana french ipa 1 un in œ̃ ɛ̃ un ein ɛ̃ 2 dé de deux dø 3 trwa trò tɾwa tɾɔ trois tɾwa 4 kat kat quatre kat ɾ 5 sink sɛ̃k cinq sɛ̃k 6 sis sis six sis 7 sèt sɛt sept sɛt 8 wit wit huit ɥit 9 nèf nɛf neuf nœf 10 dis dis dix dis 11 onz ɔ̃z onze ɔ̃z 12 douz duz douze duz 13 trèz tɾɛz treize tɾɛz 14 katòrz katɔɾz quatorze katɔɾz 15 kinz kɛ̃z quinze kɛ̃z 16 sèz sɛz seize sɛz 17 dis sèt disɛt dix sept disɛt 18 diz wit dizwit dix huit dizɥit 19 diz nèf diznɛf dix neuf diznœf 20 vin vɛ̃ vingt vɛ̃ 30 trent tɾɑ̃t trente tɾɑ̃t 40 karant kaɾɑ̃t quarante kaɾɑ̃t 50 sinkant sɛ̃kɑ̃t cinquante sɛ̃kɑ̃t 60 swasant swasɑ̃t soixante swasɑ̃t 70 swasant dis swasɑ̃tdis soixante dix swasɑ̃tdis 80 katré vin katɾevɛ̃ quatre vingts katɾəvɛ̃ 90 katré vin dis katɾevɛ̃dis quatre vingt dix katɾəvɛ̃dis 100 sen sɑ̃ cent sɑ̃ 1 000 mil mil mille mil greetings edit louisiana creole french english bonjou bonjour hello konmen lê zafær comment ça va how are things komen ça va komen ç apé kouri comment ça va how are you doing mo byin mærsi je vais bien merci i m good thanks wa twa pli tar à plus tard see you later mo linm twa je t aime i love you swènn twa swiñ twa prenez soin de vous toi take care bonjou bonmatin bonjour good morning bonswa bonsoir good evening bonnwi bonswa bonne nuit good night the lord s prayer edit catholic prayers are recited in french by speakers of louisiana creole today some language activists and learners are leading efforts to translate the prayers 48 unreliable source nouzòt popá ki dan syèl la tokin nom li sinkifyè n ap spéré pou to rwayonm arivé é n a fé ça t olé dan syèl parèy si latær donné nou jordi dipin tou lé jou é pardon nouzòt péshé paréy nou pardon lê moun ki fé nouzòt sikombé tentasyon la mé délivré nou depi mal see also edit united states portal languages portal louisiana creole people louisiana french haitian creole isleño spanish arkansas creoles notes edit louisiana creole kréyòl lalwizyann louisiana french créole louisianais including in creole kréyòl fransé françé gombo patwa or pejoratively nèg references edit 1 2 3 4 teo tracey march 1 2023 rediscovering america kouri vini the return of the us lost language bbc travel 1 2 guillory chatman adrien mayeux oliver wendte nathan wiltz herbert j 2020 ti liv kréyòl a learner s guide to louisiana creole new orleans tsòhk isbn 978 1527271029 neumann holzschuh ingrid klingler thomas a 2013 louisiana creole structure dataset atlas of pidgin and creole language structures online leipzig max planck institute for evolutionary anthropology retrieved may 15 2023 1 2 3 neumann holzschuh ingrid klingler thomas a structure dataset 53 louisiana creole apics online retrieved august 15 2017 hammarström harald forkel robert haspelmath martin eds louisianacreole glottolog jena germany max planck institute for the science of human history louisiana creole ethnologue retrieved august 15 2017 acadian britannica december 7 2020 retrieved december 7 2020 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 klinger thomas a neumann holzschuh ingrid 2013 michaelis susanne maria maurer phillippe haspelmath martin huber magnus eds louisiana creole the survey of pidgin and creole languages volume ii portuguese based spanish based and french based languages uk oxford university press 229 40 1 2 squint kirstin 2005 a linguistic and cultural comparison of haitian creole and louisiana creole postcolonial text 1 2 issn 1705 9100 oclc 863040959 retrieved march 1 2025 1 2 klinger thomas a 2003 if i could turn my tongue like that the creole language of pointe coupee parish louisiana louisiana louisiana state university pp 3 92 dubois sylvie melançon megan 2000 creole is creole ain t diachronic and synchronic attitudes toward creole identity in southern louisiana language in society 29 2 237 58 doi 10 1017 s0047404500002037 s2cid 144287855 velupillai viveka 2015 pidgins creoles mixed languages amsterdam john benjamins publishing company pp 48 50 1 2 3 4 5 wendte n a 2018 language and identity among louisiana creoles in southeast texas initial observations southern journal of linguistics 42 1 16 seven years war the columbia encyclopedia paul lagasse and columbia university columbia university press 8th edition 2018 credo reference carlisle aimee jeanne language attrition in louisiana creole french pdf linguistics ucdavis edu university of california davis archived from the original pdf on september 10 2016 retrieved march 27 2016 1 2 louisiana creole is enjoying a modest revival the economist december 20 2023 issn 0013 0613 archived from the original on february 29 2024 retrieved march 2 2024 brown becky 1993 the social consequences of writing louisiana french language in society 22 1 cambridge university press 67 101 doi 10 1017 s0047404500016924 issn 0047 4045 s2cid 145535212 valdman 1997 p 111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a klingler thomas 2003 if i could turn my tongue like that the creole language of pointe coupee parish louisiana baton rouge louisiana state university press isbn 0807127795 oclc 846496076 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link 1 2 3 4 5 neumann ingrid 1985 le créole de breaux bridge louisiane étude morphosyntaxique textes vocabulaire hamburg helmut buske verlag isbn 9783871186974 klingler thomas a 2003 language labels and language use among cajuns and creoles in louisiana university of pennsylvania working papers in linguistics 9 2 squint kirstin l may 4 2005 a linguistic comparison of haitian creole and louisiana creole postcolonial text 1 2 demars marie april 8 2015 on a mission preserving creole culture one tweet at a time keith frank zydeco and the use of social media transatlantica revue d études américaines american studies journal in french 1 doi 10 4000 transatlantica 7586 issn 1765 2766 s2cid 194272954 creole inc creole inc retrieved october 10 2020 about us www louisianacreoleinc org archived from the original on november 7 2017 retrieved november 5 2017 gillis phil creole heritage center northwestern state university retrieved december 8 2020 mayeux oliver 2015 new speaker language the morphosyntax of new speakers of endangered languages mphil dissertation cambridge united kingdom university of cambridge 1 2 landry christophe st laurent cliford gisclair michael gaither eric mayeux oliver 2016 a guide to louisiana creole orthography louisiana historic and cultural vistas 1 2 valdman 1998 kouri vini louisiana creole language memrise retrieved october 10 2020 wendte n a mayeux oliver wiltz herbert 2017 ti liv kréyòl a louisiana creole primer public domain dead link ti liv kréyòl a louisiana creole primer louisiana historic and cultural vistas louisiana historic and cultural vistas august 14 2017 retrieved november 5 2017 mayers jonathan joseph mayeux oliver eds 2022 févi in louisiana creole shreveport l a les cahiers du tintamarre isbn 978 1 7353605 4 6 kirstin squint a linguistic and cultural comparison of haitian creole and louisiana creole postcolonial org accessed march 11 2014 wendte 2020 din gilbert c may 2009 colonial natchitoches a creole community on the louisiana texas frontier western historical quarterly 40 2 220 doi 10 1093 whq 40 2 220 issn 0043 3810 marshall margaret 1991 the creole of mon louis island alabama and the louisiana connection journal of pidgin and creole languages 6 73 87 doi 10 1075 jpcl 6 1 05mar apics online survey chapter louisiana creole apics online info retrieved may 19 2026 mutz katrin 2004 le lexique des variétés du français en louisiane et l influence de l anglo américain un état de la recherche in globe 7 2 pp 125 154 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 klingler thomas a neumann holzschuh ingrid 2013 louisiana creole in susanne maria michaelis philippe maurer martin haspelmath magnus huber eds the survey of pidgin and creole languages volume 2 portuguese based spanish based and french based languages oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 967770 2 1 2 3 mayeux oliver july 19 2019 rethinking decreolization language contact and change in louisiana creole phd thesis university of cambridge doi 10 17863 cam 41629 1 2 klingler thomas a august 1 2019 the louisiana creole language today in dajko nathalie walton shana eds language in louisiana community and culture university press of mississippi p 95 doi 10 2307 j ctvkwnnm1 14 isbn 978 1 4968 2386 1 jstor j ctvkwnnm1 s2cid 243597697 valdman 1998 pp 3 4 neumann holzschuh ingrid 2016 entre la caraïbe et l amérique du nord le créole louisianais et son lexique à la lumière de ses contacts linguistiques et culturels in ette ottmar müller gesine eds new orleans and the global south caribbean creolization carnival hildesheim georg olms verlag ag isbn 978 3487155043 oclc 973171332 louisiana creole dictionary 2014 alphabet louisianacreoledictionary com christophe landry 2014 louisiana creole alphabet updated youtube guide to louisiana creole orthography january 5 2016 christophe landry 2012 nouzòt popá the our father in louisiana creole youtube archived from the original on december 22 2021 sources edit valdman albert 1997 valdman albert ed french and creole in louisiana new york plenum press doi 10 1007 978 1 4757 5278 6 isbn 0 306 45464 5 oclc 863962055 valdman albert 1998 dictionary of louisiana creole bloomington ind indiana university press isbn 978 0 253 33451 0 oclc 39147759 partial preview at google books wendte n a 2020 creole a louisiana label in a texas context new orleans la lulu press inc isbn 978 1 716 64756 7 oclc 1348382332 further reading edit brasseaux carl a 2005 french cajun creole houma a primer on francophone louisiana baton rouge louisiana state university press isbn 978 0 8071 4778 8 oclc 774295468 partial preview at google books dubois sylvie horvath barbara m may 1 2003 creoles and cajuns a portrait in black and white american speech 78 2 duke university press 192 207 doi 10 1215 00031283 78 2 192 issn 0003 1283 s2cid 15155226 fortier alcée 1895 louisiana folk tales in french dialect and english translation memoirs of the american folklore society vol ii boston and new york published for the american folk lore society by houghton mifflin and co pp 52 v hdl 2027 uc1 b3501893 issn 0065 8332 oclc 1127054952 via hathitrust guillory chatman adrien mayeux oliver wendte nathan wiltz nathan mayers jonathan 2020 ti liv kréyòl a learner s guide to louisiana creole new orleans isbn 978 1 5272 7102 9 oclc 1257416565 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link hall gwendolyn midlo 1992 africans in colonial louisiana the development of afro creole culture in the eighteenth century baton rouge louisiana state university press isbn 978 0 585 32916 1 oclc 45843432 kein sybil 2005 learn to speak louisiana french creole an introduction natchitoches la us gumbo people products oclc 144558377 kein sybil forsloff del 2006 maw maw s creole abc book new orleans la us gumbo people products oclc 809926365 external links edit louisiana creole test of wikipedia at wikimedia incubator louisiana creole dictionary online archived september 29 2019 at the wayback machine learn pointe coupée parish creole brian j costello la language créole de la paroisse pointe coupée centenary university bibliothèque tintamarre texts in louisiana creole christophe landry ph d le bijou sur le bayou teche cajun french creole dialect c est sophie guidry by emily lopez on youtube allons manger cajun french with creole dialect oral history forum i raphaël confiant on youtube bernard s creoles knowla encyclopedia of louisiana archived from the original on january 18 2016 retrieved may 2 2016 louisiana creole the endangered languages project v t e french based creole languages and pidgins by continent africa burundi pidgin nouchi petit mauresque petit nègre americas antillean dominic...
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