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donesia igbo íslenska italiano 日本語 tyap kumoring 한국어 kʋsaal коми lëtzebuergesch lingua franca nova lombard lingála lietuvių latviešu malagasy македонски മലയാളം bahasa melayu مازِرونی nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan polski piemontèis پنجابی پښتو português runa simi русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ scots davvisámegiella simple english slovenčina chishona српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் ไทย tagalog türkçe татарча tatarça українська اردو tiếng việt 吴语 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikibooks wikifunctions wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia manding language of mali bamanan redirects here for the rokia koné and jacknife lee album see bamanan album this article has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources bambara language news newspapers books scholar jstor march 2019 learn how and when to remove this message this article is missing information about the history of the language and its adoption as a lingua franca please expand the article to include this information further details may exist on the talk page october 2026 learn how and when to remove this message bambara bamanankan بَمَنَنكَن ߓߡߊߣߊ߲ߞߊ߲ native to mali region central southern mali ethnicity bamana speakers l1 4 2 million 2012 1 l2 10 million 2012 1 language family niger congo mande western manding east bambara dyula bambara writing system latin script arabic script ajami nko script masaba 2 official status official language in mali co official language codes iso 639 1 bm iso 639 2 bam iso 639 3 bam glottolog bamb1269 this article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa this article contains special characters without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols bambara also known as malian bamana n ko script ߓߡߊߣߊ߲ or bamanankan n ko script ߓߡߊߣߊ߲ߞߊ߲ arabic script بَمَنَنكَن is a lingua franca and national language of mali spoken by perhaps 14 million people natively by 4 2 million bambara people and about 10 million second language users 1 it is estimated that about 80 percent of the population of mali speak bambara as a first or second language it has a subject object verb clause structure and two lexical tones classification edit bambara is a variety of a group of closely related languages called manding whose native speakers trace their cultural history to the medieval mali empire 3 varieties of manding are generally considered among native speakers to be mutually intelligible dependent on exposure or familiarity with dialects between speakers and spoken by 9 1 million people in the countries burkina faso senegal guinea bissau guinea liberia ivory coast and the gambia 4 manding is part of the larger mandé family of languages geographical distribution edit bambara is spoken throughout mali as a lingua franca the language is most widely spoken in the areas east south and north of bamako where native speakers and or those that identify as members of the bambara ethnic group are most densely populated these regions are also usually considered to be the historical geographical origin of bambara people particularly ségou after diverging from other manding groups 5 dialects edit the main dialect is standard bamara which has significant influence from maninkakan clarification needed bambara has many local dialects kaarta tambacounda west beledugu bananba mesekele north jitumu jamaladugu segu center cakadugu keleyadugu jalakadougu kurulamini banimɔncɛ cɛmala cɛndugu baninkɔ shɛndugu ganadugu south kala kuruma saro dialects to the northeast of mopti especially bɔrɛ zegedugu bɛndugu bakɔkan jɔnka southeast 5 6 phonology edit consonants edit labial alveolar palatal velar glottal nasal m n ɲ ŋ plosive p b t d t͡ʃ c d͡ʒ j k ɡ fricative f s z ʃ sh ɣ kh h approximant w l j y trill r each consonant represents a single sound with some exceptions w is pronounced as in english e g wait except at the end of a word when it is the plural mark and is pronounced as u s is pronounced most often as in the english word see but is sometimes pronounced as sh ʃ as in the word shoe or as z g is pronounced most often as in the english word go but in the middle of a word it can be pronounced as in the spanish word abogado ɣ and sometimes at the beginning of a word as gw 7 vowels edit front central back close i iː ĩ u uː ũ close mid e eː ẽ o oː õ open mid ɛ ɛː ɛ̃ ɔ ɔː ɔ̃ open a aː ã tone edit the language has two mid standard and high tones e g sa die vs sá snake writing edit page from francis delaforge s grammaire et méthode bambara 1949 since 1967 bambara has mostly been written in the latin script using some additional phonetic characters from the africa alphabet the vowels are a e ɛ formerly è i o ɔ formerly ò u accents can be used to indicate tonality the former digraph ny is now written ɲ when it designates a palatal nasal the ny spelling is kept for the combination of a nasal vowel with a subsequent oral palatal glide following the 1966 bamako spelling conventions a velar nasal ŋ is written as ŋ although in early publications it was often transcribed as ng or nk the n ko n ko ߒߞߏ alphabet is a script devised by solomana kante in 1949 as a writing system for the manding languages of west africa n ko means i say in all manding languages kante created n ko in response to what he felt were beliefs that africans were a cultureless people since prior to this time there had been no indigenous african writing system for his language n ko first gained a strong user base around the maninka speaking area of kante s hometown of kankan guinea and disseminated from there into other manding speaking parts of west africa n ko and the arabic script also known as the ajami script are still in use for bambara although only the latin based orthography is officially recognized in mali additionally a script known as masaba or ma sa ba 8 was developed for the language beginning in 1930 by woyo couloubayi c 1910 1982 of assatiémala named for the first characters in couloubayi s preferred collation order masaba is a syllabary which uses diacritics to indicate vowel qualities such as tone length and nasalization though not conclusively demonstrated to be related to other writing systems masaba appears to draw on traditional bambara iconography and shares some similarities with the vai syllabary of liberia and with arabic derived secret alphabets used in hodh now hodh el gharbi and hodh ech chargui regions of mauritania as of 1978 masaba was in limited use in several communities in nioro cercle for accounting personal correspondence and the recording of muslim prayers the script s current status and prevalence is unknown 9 10 latin orthography edit it uses seven vowels a e ɛ i o ɔ and u each of which can be nasalized pharyngealized and murmured giving a total number of 21 vowels the letters approximate their ipa equivalents citation needed writing with the latin alphabet began during the french colonization and the first orthography was introduced in 1967 literacy is limited especially in rural areas although written literature is only slowly evolving due to the predominance of french as the language of the educated there exists a wealth of oral literature which is often tales of kings and heroes this oral literature is mainly passed on by the griots jeliw in bambara who are a mixture of storytellers praise singers and human history books who have studied the trade of singing and reciting for many years many of their songs are very old and are said to date back to the old empire of mali grammar edit the basic sentence structure is subject object verb sov take the phrase n t a lon i don t know it n is the subject i a is the object it and ta lon is the verb to know the t is from the negative present tense marker té bé being the affirmative present tense marker n b a don would mean i know it like many sov languages bambara uses postpositions rather than prepositions their role being similar to english prepositions but placed after the noun the typical argument structure of the language consists of a subject followed by an aspectival auxiliary followed by the direct object and finally a transitive verb bambara does not inflect for gender gender for a noun can be specified by adding a suffix cɛ or kɛ for male and muso for female the plural is formed by attaching a vocalic suffix u most often with a low tone in the orthography w to nouns or adjectives loan words edit bambara lexicon contains some borrowings from arabic especially in the domains of religion and commerce these arabic loanwords are considered very well integrated and some were first passed into soninke before being borrowed into bambara additionally bamanakan has also received loanwords from other west african languages like wolof and baoulé as well as french 11 in urban areas many bamanankan conjunctions have been replaced in everyday use by french borrowings that often mark code switches the bamako dialect makes use of sentences like n taara kita mais il n y avait personne là bas i went to kita bamanankan but there was no one there french the sentence in bamanankan alone would be ń taara kita nka mɔkɔ si tun tɛ yen the french proposition est ce que is also used in bamanankan however it is pronounced more slowly and as three syllables ɛsikə bamanankan uses many french loan words for example some people might say i ka kurusi ye nere ye clarification needed your skirt is yellow using a derivation of jaune the french word for yellow they often use joni however one could also say i ka kulosi ye nɛrɛmukuman ye also meaning your skirt is yellow the original bamanankan word for yellow comes from nɛrɛmuku being flour muku made from néré locust bean a seed from a long seed pod nɛrɛmuku is often used in sauces in southern mali most french loan words are suffixed with the sound i this is particularly common when using french words which have a meaning not traditionally found in mali for example the bamanankan word for snow is niegei based on the french word for snow neige as there has never been snow in mali there was no unique word in bamanankan to describe it examples edit ex n i bɛ aux positive bamanankan bambara mɛn hear dɔɔni dɔɔni small small n bɛ bamanankan mɛn dɔɔni dɔɔni i aux positive bambara hear small small i understand hear a little bit of bambara ex i you tɛna aux neg fut dumuni eating ke do wa q i tɛna dumuni ke wa you aux neg fut eating do q aren t you going to eat ex du mara dou mara be aux ameriki america hali even bi today wa q du mara be ameriki hali bi wa dou mara aux america even today q is dou mara still living in the united states music edit malian artists such as oumou sangaré sidiki diabaté fatoumata diawara rokia traoré ali farka touré habib koité and the married duo amadou mariam often sing in bambara lyrics in bambara occur on stevie wonder s journey through the secret life of plants in 2010 spanish rock group dover released its 7th studio album i ka kené with the majority of lyrics in bambara spanish english and french american rapper nas also released a track titled patience in 2010 which featured damian marley and extensively sampled the amadou mariam song sabali as sabali is a bambara word meaning patience legal status edit bambara was until 2023 one of several languages designated by mali as a national language 12 in 2023 after a new constitution was approved by a majority of voters bambara became co official together with 12 other languages spoken in the country french was removed as the official language and was kept only as a working language 13 references edit citation edit 1 2 3 bambara at ethnologue 27th ed 2024 proposal for encoding the masaba script in the ucs pdf unicode org note on current use of manding and mande ethnonyms and linguonyms pdf archived pdf from the original on 8 april 2012 retrieved 20 april 2012 mandingo ethnologue retrieved 12 march 2024 1 2 mandé language family maps of manding east north eastern manding bamana urban koine www sil org archived from the original on 22 january 2013 retrieved 1 january 2018 vydrine 1999 p 315 bailleul charles cours pratique de bambara p 3 brock utne birgit garbo gunnar 2009 language and power the implications of language for peace and development the implications of language for peace and development oxford african books collective p 146 isbn 9789987081462 galtier gérard 1987 un exemple d écriture traditionnelle mandingue le masaba des bambara masasi du mali journal des africanistes 57 1 2 255 266 doi 10 3406 jafr 1987 2174 retrieved 18 march 2020 kelly piers 2018 chapter 9 the invention transmission and evolution of writing insights from the new scripts of west africa in ferrara silvia valério miguel eds studi micenei ed egeo anatolici nuova serie supplemento 1 paths into script formation in the ancient mediterranean rome cnr consiglio nazionale delle ricerche pp 189 209 doi 10 31235 osf io 253vc isbn 978 88 7140 898 9 green christopher r boutz jennifer hill 2016 a prosodic perspective on the assignment of tonal melodies to arabic loanwords in bambara mandenkan 56 29 76 doi 10 4000 mandenkan 999 skattum ingse 2010 l introduction des langues nationales dans le système éducatif au mali objectifs et conséquences the introduction of national languages to the malian educational system problems and consequences pdf journal of language contact in french 3 1 248 doi 10 1163 19552629 90000013 retrieved 17 february 2017 mali drops french as official language africanews 26 july 2023 retrieved 30 july 2023 sources edit bailleul ch dictionnaire bambara français 3e édition corrigée bamako donniya 2007 476 p bird charles hutchison john kanté mamadou 1976 an ka bamanankan kalan beginning bambara bloomington indiana univ linguistics club bird charles kanté mamadou 1977 bambara english english bambara student lexicon bloomington indiana univ linguistics club dumestre gérard grammaire fondamentale du bambara paris karthala 2003 dumestre gérard dictionnaire bambara français suivi d un index abrégé français bambara paris karthala 2011 p 1189 eidelberg joseph bambara a proto hebrew language kastenholz raimund 1998 grundkurs bambara manding mit texten second revised edition afrikawissenschaftliche lehrbücher vol 1 köln rüdiger köppe konaré demba 1998 je parle bien bamanan bamako jamana...