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w zealand physicist ernest rutherford has been described as the father of nuclear physics the accumulation of knowledge of agricultural practice and the effects of herbal remedies in the treatment of illness and disease by māori tohunga as well as their precise observation of nature might be considered an indigenous contribution to science in new zealand cook s voyages in the 1700s and darwin s in 1835 had important scientific botanical and zoological objectives 304 the establishment of universities in the 19th century fostered scientific discoveries by notable new zealanders including ernest rutherford for splitting the atom william pickering for rocket science maurice wilkins for helping discover dna beatrice tinsley for galaxy formation archibald mcindoe for plastic surgery sydney smith for forensics and alan macdiarmid for conducting polymers 305 crown research institutes cris were formed in 1992 from existing government owned research organisations their role is to research and develop new science knowledge products and services across the economic environmental social and cultural spectrum for the benefit of new zealand 306 the total gross expenditure on research and development r d as a proportion of gdp rose to 1 37 in 2018 up from 1 23 in 2015 new zealand ranks 21st in the oecd for its gross r d spending as a percentage of gdp 307 new zealand was ranked 26th in the global innovation index in 2025 308 309 the new zealand space agency was created by the government in 2016 for space policy regulation and sector development rocket lab was the first commercial rocket launcher in the country 310 most private and commercial research organisations in new zealand focus on the agricultural and fisheries sectors examples include the cawthron institute the livestock improvement corporation the fonterra research and development centre the bragato research institute the kiwifruit breeding centre and b lnz genetics demographics main articles demographics of new zealand and list of cities in new zealand population pyramid 2017 the 2023 new zealand census enumerated a resident population of 4 993 923 an increase of 6 3 over the 2018 census figure 3 as of september 2026 the total population has risen to an estimated 5 357 000 9 new zealand s population increased at a rate of 1 9 per year in the seven years ended june 2020 in september 2020 statistics new zealand reported that the population had climbed above 5 million people in september 2019 according to population estimates based on the 2018 census 311 n 9 new zealand s population today is concentrated to the north of the country with around 76 4 of the population living in the north island and 23 6 in the south island as of june 2025 313 during the 20th century new zealand s population drifted north in 1921 the country s median centre of population was in the tasman sea west of levin in manawatū whanganui by 2017 it had moved 280 km 170 mi north to near kawhia in waikato 314 new zealand is a predominantly urban country with 84 5 of the population living in urban areas and 51 4 in the seven cities with populations exceeding 100 000 313 auckland with over 1 4 million residents is by far the largest city 313 new zealand cities generally rank highly on international livability measures for instance in 2024 auckland was ranked the world s fifth most liveable city and wellington the fourteenth by the mercer quality of living survey 315 the median age of the new zealand population at the 2023 census was 38 1 years up from 37 4 years in the 2018 census 316 317 with life expectancy in 2022 2024 being 80 1 years for males and 83 5 years for females 318 while new zealand is experiencing sub replacement fertility with a total fertility rate of 1 6 in 2020 the fertility rate is above the oecd average 319 320 by 2050 the median age is projected to rise to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older to rise from 18 to 29 321 v t e largest cities or towns in new zealand statistics new zealand june 2025 estimate ssga18 boundaries 313 rank name region pop rank name region pop 1 auckland auckland 1 547 200 11 new plymouth taranaki 60 200 2 christchurch canterbury 407 800 12 porirua wellington 60 100 3 wellington wellington 209 800 13 rotorua bay of plenty 58 500 4 hamilton waikato 192 100 14 whangārei northland 56 100 5 tauranga bay of plenty 160 900 15 invercargill southland 51 200 6 lower hutt wellington 113 200 16 nelson nelson 50 800 7 dunedin otago 104 000 17 hastings hawke s bay 49 800 8 palmerston north manawatū whanganui 81 200 18 upper hutt wellington 44 500 9 hibiscus coast auckland 67 800 19 whanganui manawatū whanganui 42 800 10 napier hawke s bay 66 400 20 gisborne gisborne 38 100 ethnicity and immigration main articles new zealanders and immigration to new zealand pedestrians on queen street in auckland an ethnically diverse city in the 2023 census 62 1 of residents responded as being ethnically new zealand european and 17 8 responded as being ethnically māori other major ethnicities include chinese 5 2 indian 5 1 samoan 4 3 filipino 2 2 tongan 2 0 cook islands maori 1 9 and english 1 4 3 13 2 responded with multiple ethnicities with 8 2 alone responding as both european and māori 322 statistics new zealand allows people to choose multiple ethnicities and reports ethnic data based on total responses therefore ethnicities add up to more than 100 for legacy systems which can only accept one ethnicity people are usually allocated to a single ethnicity based on a pre determined priority order with māori given highest priority and new zealand european given lowest priority 323 the population has become more multicultural and diverse in recent decades in 1961 the census reported that the population of new zealand was 92 european and 7 māori with asian and pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1 324 however new zealand s non european population is disproportionately concentrated in the north island and especially in the auckland region while auckland is home to 33 of new zealand s population it is home to 62 of the country s pasifika population and 60 of its asian population 3 pasifika festival celebrating pasifika new zealanders and their pan cultural identity while the demonym for a new zealand citizen is new zealander the informal kiwi is commonly used both internationally 325 and by locals 326 the māori loanword pākehā has been used to refer to new zealanders of european descent although some reject this name the word today is increasingly used to refer to all non polynesian new zealanders 327 the māori were the first people to reach new zealand followed by the early european settlers following colonisation immigrants were predominantly from britain ireland and australia because of restrictive policies similar to the white australia policy 328 there was also significant dutch dalmatian 329 german and italian immigration together with indirect european immigration through australia north america south america and south africa 330 331 net migration increased after the second world war in the 1970s and 1980s policies on immigration were relaxed and immigration from asia was promoted 331 332 in 2009 10 an annual target of 45 000 50 000 permanent residence approvals was set by the new zealand immigration service more than one new migrant for every 100 new zealand residents 333 in the 2023 census 28 8 of people counted were not born in new zealand up from 27 4 in the 2018 census the most popular countries of origin for overseas born residents were england 14 6 mainland china 10 2 india 10 0 the philippines 7 0 south africa 6 7 australia 6 1 fiji 4 8 and samoa 4 3 334 the number of fee paying international students and international exchange students increased sharply in the late 1990s with more than 20 000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002 335 new zealand achieved a record net migration gain of 135 500 people in the year ended october 2023 336 immigrants from india china and the philippines are the largest contributors to new zealand s population growth 337 in 2025 new zealand s net migration fell to its lowest level in more than a decade according to statistics new zealand the country recorded a net migration gain of 14 200 in 2025 down 9 600 from a year earlier that marked the smallest annual increase since 2013 outside 2021 when borders were largely closed during the covid 19 outbreak 338 language main article languages of new zealand speakers of māori according to the 2013 census 339 less than 5 more than 5 more than 10 more than 20 more than 30 more than 40 more than 50 english is the predominant language in new zealand spoken by 95 4 of the population 340 new zealand english has a distinctive accent and lexicon 341 it is similar to australian english and many speakers from the northern hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart 342 the most prominent differences between new zealand english and other english dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels the short i sound as in kit has centralised towards the schwa sound the a in comma and about the short e sound as in dress has moved towards the short i sound and the short a sound as in trap has moved to the short e sound 343 after world war ii māori were discouraged or prohibited to speak their own language te reo māori in schools and workplaces and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas 344 the native schools act 1867 required instruction in english in all schools and while no official policy banned children from speaking māori many suffered physical abuse if they did 345 346 347 the māori language has recently undergone a process of revitalisation 348 being declared one of new zealand s official languages in 1987 349 and is spoken by 4 0 of the population 340 n 10 māori language immersion schools and two māori language television channels now exist 351 many places have both their māori and english names officially recognised 352 as recorded in the 2018 census 340 samoan is the most widely spoken non official language 2 2 followed by northern chinese including mandarin 2 0 hindi 1 5 and french 1 2 new zealand sign language was reported to be understood by 22 986 people 0 5 it became one of new zealand s official languages in 2006 353 religion main article religion in new zealand the wellington cathedral of st paul in wellington according to the 2023 census 51 6 of the census usually resident population had no religion 354 up from 48 2 in 2018 census 340 christians are the single largest religious group forming 32 3 of the population 354 compared to 36 5 in 2018 340 hindus are the second largest religious minority forming the 2 9 of population followed by muslims on 1 5 354 the auckland region exhibited the greatest religious diversity 355 education main articles education in new zealand and tertiary education in new zealand primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16 with the majority of children attending from the age of 5 356 there are 13 school years and attending state public schools is free to new zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person s 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday 357 new zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 95 and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification 356 there are five types of government owned tertiary institutions universities colleges of education polytechnics specialist colleges and wānanga 358 in addition to private training establishments 359 in 2021 in the population aged 25 64 13 had no formal qualification 21 had a school qualification 28 had a tertiary certificate or diploma and 35 have a bachelor s degree or higher 360 the oecd s programme for international student assessment ranks new zealand as the 28th best in the oecd for maths 13th best for science and 11th best for reading 361 health main article health in new zealand see also healthcare in new zealand and te whatu ora as of 2023 update new zealand allocated about 9 6 percent of its gdp to healthcare slightly above the oecd average of 8 8 percent the public healthcare system operates under a publicly funded health insurance model that supports inpatient and outpatient services at public hospitals along with preventive and primary care through private providers 362 health new zealand te whatu ora is the primary publicly funded healthcare system of new zealand the new zealand government established it to replace the country s 20 district health boards dhbs on 1 july 2022 health new zealand is charged with working alongside the public health agency to manage the provision of healthcare services in new zealand 363 364 as of 2022 the agency is new zealand s largest employer consolidating the dhbs combined work force of 80 000 with an estimated annual operating budget of nz 20 billion and an asset base of about nz 24 billion 365 ischaemic heart disease is the leading cause of death followed by alzheimer disease and other dementias and stroke the life expectancy has improved from 78 6 years in 2000 to 82 2 years in 2021 366 culture main article culture of new zealand late 20th century house post depicting the navigator kupe fighting two sea creatures statistics have shown around 20 of new zealanders identify with more than one ethnic group around 80 are of european descent 15 maori and others coming from china the pacific islands and elsewhere this means there is little sense in talking of one new zealand culture although according to one writer new zealanders will argue strongly for the existence of a unique identity for the existence of something that sets them apart from others a kiwi culture 367 the british and irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to new zealand and also influenced māori culture 368 369 particularly with the introduction of christianity 370 however māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of their identity and māori kinship roles resemble those of other polynesian peoples 371 more recently american australian asian and other european cultures have exerted influence on new zealand non māori polynesian cultures are also apparent with pasifika the world s largest polynesian festival now an annual event in auckland 372 the largely rural life in early new zealand led to the image of new zealanders as rugged industrious problem solvers 373 modesty was expected and enforced through the tall poppy syndrome where high achievers received harsh criticism 374 at the time new zealand was not known as an intellectual country 375 from the early 20th century until the late 1960s māori culture was suppressed by the attempted assimilation of māori into british new zealanders 344 in the 1960s as tertiary education became more available and cities expanded 376 urban culture began to dominate 377 but rural imagery and themes are common in new zealand s art literature and media 378 new zealand s national symbols are i...
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