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ithstand hazardous earthquake exposures earthquake engineering is a sub discipline of structural engineering the main objectives of earthquake engineering are 24 to understand interaction of structures on the shaky ground foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes and design construct and maintain structures to perform at earthquake in compliance with building codes environmental engineering edit main article environmental engineering creek contaminated with water pollution environmental engineering is the contemporary term for sanitary engineering though sanitary engineering traditionally had not included much of the hazardous waste management and environmental remediation work covered by environmental engineering public health engineering and environmental health engineering are other terms being used environmental engineering deals with treatment of chemical biological or thermal wastes purification of water and air and remediation of contaminated sites after waste disposal or accidental contamination among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport water purification waste water treatment air pollution solid waste treatment recycling and hazardous waste management environmental engineers administer pollution reduction green engineering and industrial ecology environmental engineers also compile information on environmental consequences of proposed actions forensic engineering edit main article forensic engineering forensic engineering is the investigation of materials products structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended causing personal injury or damage to property the consequences of failure are dealt with by the law of product liability the field also deals with retracing processes and procedures leading to accidents in operation of vehicles or machinery the subject is applied most commonly in civil law cases although it may be of use in criminal law cases generally the purpose of a forensic engineering investigation is to locate cause or causes of failure with a view to improve performance or life of a component or to assist a court in determining the facts of an accident it can also involve investigation of intellectual property claims especially patents geotechnical engineering edit main article geotechnical engineering a phase diagram of soil indicating the weights and volumes of air soil water and voids geotechnical engineering studies rock and soil supporting civil engineering systems knowledge from the field of soil science materials science mechanics and hydraulics is applied to safely and economically design foundations retaining walls and other structures environmental efforts to protect groundwater and safely maintain landfills have spawned a new area of research called geo environmental engineering 25 26 identification of soil properties presents challenges to geotechnical engineers boundary conditions are often well defined in other branches of civil engineering but unlike steel or concrete the material properties and behavior of soil are difficult to predict due to its variability and limitation on investigation furthermore soil exhibits nonlinear stress dependent strength stiffness and dilatancy volume change associated with application of shear stress making studying soil mechanics all the more difficult 25 geotechnical engineers frequently work with professional geologists geological engineering professionals and soil scientists 27 materials science and engineering edit main article materials science materials science is closely related to civil engineering it studies fundamental characteristics of materials and deals with ceramics such as concrete and mix asphalt concrete strong metals such as aluminum and steel and thermosetting polymers including polymethylmethacrylate pmma and carbon fibers materials engineering involves protection and prevention paints and finishes alloying combines two types of metals to produce another metal with desired properties it incorporates elements of applied physics and chemistry with recent media attention on nanoscience and nanotechnology materials engineering has been at the forefront of academic research it is also an important part of forensic engineering and failure analysis site development and planning edit see also land development and urban planning plan draft of proposed mixed use site site development also known as site planning is focused on the planning and development potential of a site as well as addressing possible impacts from permitting issues and environmental challenges 28 structural engineering edit main article structural engineering burj khalifa animation of construction process shallow foundation construction example structural engineering is concerned with the structural design and structural analysis of buildings bridges towers flyovers overpasses tunnels off shore structures like oil and gas fields in the sea aerostructure and other structures this involves identifying the loads which act upon a structure and the forces and stresses which arise within that structure due to those loads and then designing the structure to successfully support and resist those loads the loads can be self weight of the structures other dead load live loads moving wheel load wind load earthquake load load from temperature change etc the structural engineer must design structures to be safe for their users and to successfully fulfill the function they are designed for to be serviceable due to the nature of some loading conditions sub disciplines within structural engineering have emerged including wind engineering and earthquake engineering 29 design considerations will include strength stiffness and stability of the structure when subjected to loads which may be static such as furniture or self weight or dynamic such as wind seismic crowd or vehicle loads or transitory such as temporary construction loads or impact other considerations include cost constructibility safety aesthetics and sustainability surveying edit main articles surveying and construction surveying surveying is the process by which a surveyor measures certain dimensions that occur on or near the surface of the earth surveying equipment such as levels and theodolites are used for accurate measurement of angular deviation horizontal vertical and slope distances with computerization electronic distance measurement edm total stations gps surveying and laser scanning have to a large extent supplanted traditional instruments data collected by survey measurement is converted into a graphical representation of the earth s surface in the form of a map this information is then used by civil engineers contractors and realtors to design from build on and trade respectively elements of a structure must be sized and positioned in relation to each other and to site boundaries and adjacent structures leveling a tripod before setting edm although surveying is a distinct profession with separate qualifications and licensing arrangements civil engineers are trained in the basics of surveying and mapping as well as geographic information systems surveyors also lay out the routes of railways tramway tracks highways roads pipelines and streets as well as position other infrastructure such as harbors before construction land surveying looking through edm in the united states canada the united kingdom and most commonwealth countries land surveying is considered to be a separate and distinct profession land surveyors are not considered to be engineers and have their own professional associations and licensing requirements the services of a licensed land surveyor are generally required for boundary surveys to establish the boundaries of a parcel using its legal description and subdivision plans a plot or map based on a survey of a parcel of land with boundary lines drawn inside the larger parcel to indicate the creation of new boundary lines and roads both of which are generally referred to as cadastral surveying they collect data on important geological features below and on the land blm cadastral survey marker from 1992 in san xavier arizona construction surveying construction surveying is generally performed by specialized technicians unlike land surveyors the resulting plan does not have legal status construction surveyors perform the following tasks surveying existing conditions of the future work site including topography existing buildings and infrastructure and underground infrastructure when possible lay out or setting out placing reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads or buildings verifying the location of structures during construction as built surveying a survey conducted at the end of the construction project to verify that the work authorized was completed to the specifications set on plans transportation engineering edit main article transportation engineering transportation engineering is concerned with moving people and goods efficiently safely and in a manner conducive to a vibrant community this involves specifying designing constructing and maintaining transportation infrastructure which includes streets canals highways rail systems airports ports and mass transit it includes areas such as transportation design transportation planning traffic engineering some aspects of urban engineering queueing theory pavement engineering intelligent transportation system its and infrastructure management municipal or urban engineering edit the engineering of this roundabout in bristol england attempts to make traffic flow free moving main article urban engineering lake chapultepec municipal engineering is concerned with municipal infrastructure this involves specifying designing constructing and maintaining streets sidewalks water supply networks sewers street lighting municipal solid waste management and disposal storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance and public works salt sand etc public parks and cycling infrastructure in the case of underground utility networks it may also include the civil portion conduits and access chambers of the local distribution networks of electrical and telecommunications services it can also include the optimization of waste collection and bus service networks some of these disciplines overlap with other civil engineering specialties however municipal engineering focuses on the coordination of these infrastructure networks and services as they are often built simultaneously and managed by the same municipal authority municipal engineers may also design the site civil works for large buildings industrial plants or campuses i e access roads parking lots potable water supply treatment or pretreatment of waste water site drainage etc water resources engineering edit see also hydraulic engineering and hydrology hoover dam water resources engineering is concerned with the collection and management of water as a natural resource as a discipline it therefore combines elements of hydrology environmental science meteorology conservation and resource management this area of civil engineering relates to the prediction and management of both the quality and the quantity of water in both underground aquifers and above ground lakes rivers and streams resources water resource engineers analyze and model very small to very large areas of the earth to predict the amount and content of water as it flows into through or out of a facility however the actual design of the facility may be left to other engineers hydraulic engineering concerns the flow and conveyance of fluids principally water this area of civil engineering is intimately related to the design of pipelines water supply network drainage facilities including bridges dams channels culverts levees storm sewers and canals hydraulic engineers design these facilities using the concepts of fluid pressure fluid statics fluid dynamics and hydraulics among others the falkirk wheel in scotland civil engineering systems edit civil engineering systems is a discipline that promotes using systems thinking to manage complexity and change in civil engineering within its broader public context it posits that the proper development of civil engineering infrastructure requires a holistic coherent understanding of the relationships between all of the crucial factors that contribute to successful projects while at the same time emphasizing the importance of attention to technical detail its purpose is to help integrate the entire civil engineering project life cycle from conception through planning designing making operating to decommissioning 30 31 see also edit engineering portal architectural engineering engineering drawing geological engineering geomatics engineering glossary of civil engineering index of civil engineering articles list of civil engineering software list of civil engineers list of engineering branches list of historic civil engineering landmarks macro engineering railway engineering site survey associations edit american society of civil engineers canadian society for civil engineering chartered institution of civil engineering surveyors council for the regulation of engineering in nigeria earthquake engineering research institute engineers australia european federation of national engineering associations international federation of consulting engineers indian geotechnical society institution of civil engineers institution of structural engineers institute of engineering nepal international society of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering institution of engineers bangladesh institution of engineers india institution of engineers of ireland institute of transportation engineers japan society of civil engineers pakistan engineering council philippine institute of civil engineers transportation research board references edit history and heritage of civil engineering american society of civil engineers archived from the original on 16 february 2007 retrieved 8 august 2007 what is civil engineering institution of civil engineers 14 january 2022 retrieved 15 may 2017 1 2 what is civil engineering canadian society for civil engineering archived from the original on 12 august 2007 retrieved 8 august 2007 1 2 civil engineering encyclopædia britannica retrieved 9 august 2007 working in the public sector versus private sector for civil engineering professionals the civil engineering podcast engineering management institute 5 june 2019 baveystock nick 8 august 2013 so what does a civil engineer do exactly the guardian retrieved 11 september 2020 saouma victor e lecture notes in structural engineering pdf university of colorado archived from the original pdf on 19 april 2011 retrieved 2 november 2007 colebrook henry thomas 1817 algebra with arithmetic and mensuration london murray peter 1986 the architecture of the italian renaissance knopf doubleday isbn 0 8052 1082 2 page needed mays l 201...
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