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foo attribute has a hyphen separated list of values beginning from the left with en 2 e first child an e element first child of its parent 2 e lang fr an element of type e in language fr the document language specifies how language is determined 2 e before generated content before an e element s content 2 e after generated content after an e element s content 2 e f an f element child of an e element 2 e f an f element immediately preceded by an e element 2 e foo bar an e element whose foo attribute value begins exactly with the string bar 3 e foo bar an e element whose foo attribute value ends exactly with the string bar 3 e foo bar an e element whose foo attribute value contains the substring bar 3 e root an e element root of the document 3 e nth child n an e element the n th child of its parent 3 e nth last child n an e element the n th child of its parent counting from the last one 3 e nth of type n an e element the n th sibling of its type 3 e nth last of type n an e element the n th sibling of its type counting from the last one 3 e last child an e element last child of its parent 3 e first of type an e element first sibling of its type 3 e last of type an e element last sibling of its type 3 e only child an e element only child of its parent 3 e only of type an e element only sibling of its type 3 e empty an e element that has no children including text nodes 3 e target an e element being the target of the referring uri 3 e enabled a user interface element e that is enabled 3 e disabled a user interface element e that is disabled 3 e checked a user interface element e that is checked for instance a radio button or checkbox 3 e not s an e element that does not match simple selector s 3 e f an f element preceded by an e element 3 e has s an e element that contains an element matching simple selector s 4 declaration block edit a declaration block consists of a pair of braces enclosing a semicolon separated list of declarations 10 declaration edit each declaration itself consists of a property a colon and a value optional white space may be around the declaration block declarations colons and semi colons for readability 11 properties edit properties are specified in the css standard each property has a set of possible values some properties can affect any type of element and others apply only to particular groups of elements 12 13 values edit values may be keywords such as center or inherit or numerical values such as 200px 200 pixels 50vw 50 percent of the viewport width or 80 80 percent of the parent element s width color values can be specified with keywords e g red hexadecimal values e g ff0000 also abbreviated as f00 rgb values on a 0 to 255 scale e g rgb 255 0 0 rgba values that specify both color and alpha transparency e g rgba 255 0 0 0 8 or hsl or hsla values e g hsl 0 100 50 hsl 0 100 50 0 8 14 non zero numeric values representing linear measures must include a length unit which is either an alphabetic code or abbreviation as in 200px or 50vw or a percentage sign as in 80 some units cm centimetre in inch mm millimetre pc pica and pt point are absolute which means that the rendered dimension does not depend upon the structure of the page others em em ex ex and px pixel clarification needed are relative which means that factors such as the font size of a parent element can affect the rendered measurement these eight units were a feature of css 1 15 and retained in all subsequent revisions the proposed css values and units module level 3 will if adopted as a w3c recommendation provide seven further length units ch q rem vh vmax vmin and vw 16 use edit before css nearly all presentational attributes of html documents were contained within the html markup that is all font colors background styles element alignments borders and sizes had to be explicitly described often repeatedly within the html css lets authors move much of that information to another file the style sheet resulting in considerably simpler html and additionally as more and more devices are able to access responsive web pages different screen sizes and layouts begin to appear customizing a website for each device size is costly and increasingly difficult the modular nature of css means that styles can be reused in different parts of a site or even across sites promoting consistency and efficiency for example headings h1 elements sub headings h2 sub sub headings h3 etc are defined structurally using html in print and on the screen choice of font size color and emphasis for these elements is presentational before css document authors who wanted to assign such typographic characteristics to say all h2 headings had to repeat html presentational markup for each occurrence of that heading type this made documents more complex larger and more error prone and difficult to maintain css allows the separation of presentation from structure css can define color font text alignment size borders spacing layout and many other typographic characteristics and can do so independently for on screen and printed views css also defines non visual styles such as reading speed and emphasis for aural text readers the w3c has now deprecated the use of all presentational html markup 17 for example under pre css html a heading element defined with red text would be written as h1 font color red chapter 1 font h1 using css the same element can be coded using style properties instead of html presentational attributes h1 style color red chapter 1 h1 the advantages of this may not be immediately clear but the power of css becomes more apparent when the style properties are placed in an internal style element or even better an external css file for example suppose the document contains the style element style h1 color red style all h1 elements in the document will then automatically become red without requiring any explicit code if the author later wanted to make h1 elements blue instead this could be done by changing the style element to style h1 color blue style rather than by laboriously going through the document and changing the color for each individual h1 element the styles can also be placed in an external css file as described below and loaded using syntax similar to link href path to file css rel stylesheet type text css this further decouples the styling from the html document and makes it possible to restyle multiple documents by simply editing a shared external css file sources edit css information can be provided from various sources these sources can be the web browser the user and the author the information from the author can be further classified into inline media type importance selector specificity rule order inheritance and property definition css style information can be in a separate document or it can be embedded into an html document multiple style sheets edit multiple style sheets can be imported different styles can be applied depending on the output device being used for example the screen version can be quite different from the printed version so authors can tailor the presentation appropriately for each medium cascading edit the style sheet with the highest priority controls the content display declarations not set in the highest priority source are passed on to a source of lower priority such as the user agent style the process is called cascading one of the goals of css is to allow users greater control over presentation someone who finds red italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet depending on the browser and the website a user may choose from various style sheets provided by the designers or may remove all added styles and view the site using the browser s default styling or may override just the red italic heading style without altering other attributes browser extensions like stylish and stylus have been created to facilitate the management of such user style sheets in the case of large projects cascading can be used to determine which style has a higher priority when developers do integrate third party styles that have conflicting priorities and to further resolve those conflicts additionally cascading can help create themed designs which help designers fine tune aspects of a design without compromising the overall layout css priority scheme edit css priority scheme highest to lowest priority css source type description 1 importance the important annotation overwrites the previous priority types 2 inline a style applied to an html element via html style attribute 3 media type a property definition applies to all media types unless a media specific css is defined 4 user defined most browsers have the accessibility feature a user defined css 5 selector specificity a specific contextual selector heading p overwrites generic definition 6 rule order last rule declaration has a higher priority 7 parent inheritance if a property is not specified it is inherited from a parent element 8 css property definition in html document css rule or css inline style overwrites a default browser value 9 browser default the lowest priority browser default value is determined by w3c initial value specifications specificity edit specificity refers to the relative weights of various rules 18 it determines which styles apply to an element when more than one rule could apply based on the specification a simple selector e g h1 has a specificity of 1 class selectors have a specificity of 1 0 and id selectors have a specificity of 1 0 0 because the specificity values do not carry over as in the decimal system commas are used to separate the digits 19 a css rule having 11 elements and 11 classes would have a specificity of 11 11 not 121 thus the selectors of the following rule result in the indicated specificity selectors specificity h1 color white 0 0 0 1 p em color green 0 0 0 2 grape color red 0 0 1 0 p bright color blue 0 0 1 1 p bright em dark color yellow 0 0 2 2 id218 color brown 0 1 0 0 style 1 0 0 0 examples edit consider this html fragment doctype html html head meta charset utf 8 style xyz color blue style head body p id xyz style color green to demonstrate specificity p body html in the above example the declaration in the style attribute overrides the one in the style element because it has a higher specificity and thus the paragraph appears green to demonstrate specificity inheritance edit inheritance is a key feature in css it relies on the ancestor descendant relationship to operate inheritance is the mechanism by which properties are applied not only to a specified element but also to its descendants 18 inheritance relies on the document tree which is the hierarchy of xhtml elements in a page based on nesting descendant elements may inherit css property values from any ancestor element enclosing them in general descendant elements inherit text related properties but their box related properties are not inherited properties that can be inherited are color font letter spacing line height list style text align text indent text transform visibility white space and word spacing properties that cannot be inherited are background border display float and clear height and width margin min and max height and width outline overflow padding position text decoration vertical align and z index inheritance can be used to avoid declaring certain properties over and over again in a style sheet allowing for shorter css inheritance in css is not the same as inheritance in class based programming languages where it is possible to define class b as like class a but with modifications 20 with css it is possible to style an element with class a but with modifications however it is not possible to define a css class b like that which could then be used to style multiple elements without having to repeat the modifications example edit given the following style sheet p color blue suppose there is a p element with an emphasizing element em inside p this is to em illustrate em inheritance p if no color is assigned to the em element the emphasized word illustrate inherits the color of the parent element p the style sheet p has the color blue hence the em element is likewise blue this is to illustrate inheritance whitespace edit the whitespace between properties and selectors is ignored this code snippet body overflow hidden background 000000 background image url images bg gif background repeat no repeat background position left top is functionally equivalent to this one body overflow hidden background color 000000 background image url images bg gif background repeat no repeat background position left top indentation edit main article indentation style one common way to format css for readability is to indent each property and give it its own line in addition to formatting css for readability shorthand properties can be used to write out the code faster which also gets processed more quickly when being rendered 21 body overflow hidden background 000 url images bg gif no repeat left top sometimes multiple property values are indented onto their own line font face font family comic sans font size 20px src url first example com url second example com url third example com url fourth example com positioning edit css 2 1 defines three positioning schemes normal flow inline items are laid out in the same way as the letters in words in the text one after the other across the available space until there is no more room then starting a new line below block items stack vertically like paragraphs and like the items in a bulleted list normal flow also includes the relative positioning of block or inline items and run in boxes floats a floated item is taken out of the normal flow and shifted to the left or right as far as possible in the space available other content then flows alongside the floated item absolute positioning an absolutely positioned item has no place in and no effect on the normal flow of other items it occupies its assigned position in its container independently of other items 22 position property edit there are five possible values of the position property if an item is positioned in any way other than static then the further properties top bottom left and right are used to specify offsets and positions the element having position static is not affected by the top bottom left or right properties static edit the default value places the item in the normal flow relative edit the item is placed in the normal flow and then shifted or offset from that position subsequent flow items are laid out as if the item had not been moved absolute edit specifies absolute positioning the element is positioned in relation to its nearest non static ancestor fixed edit the item is absolutely positioned in a fixed position on the screen even as the rest of the document is scrolled 22 float and clear edit the float property may have one of three values absolutely positioned or fixed items cannot be floated other elements normally flow around floated items unless t...
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