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processing edit an indigenous mexican woman prepares maize tortillas 2013 when the cereal is ready to be distributed it is sold to a manufacturing facility that first removes the outer layers of the grain for subsequent milling for flour or other processing steps to produce foods such as flour oatmeal or pearl barley 42 in developing countries processing may be traditional in artisanal workshops as with tortilla production in central america 43 most cereals can be processed in a variety of ways rice processing for instance can create whole grain or polished rice or rice flour removal of the germ increases the longevity of grain in storage 44 some grains can be malted a process of activating enzymes in the seed to cause sprouting that turns the complex starches into sugars before drying 45 these sugars can be extracted for industrial uses and further processing such as for making industrial alcohol 46 beer 47 whisky 48 or rice wine 49 or sold directly as a sugar 50 in the 20th century industrial processes developed around chemically altering the grain to be used for other processes in particular maize can be altered to produce food additives such as corn starch 51 and high fructose corn syrup 52 effects on the environment edit impacts edit further information environmental impact of agriculture harvesting kernza a perennial cereal developed in the 21st century because it grows back every year farmers no longer have to till the soil cereal production has a substantial impact on the environment tillage can lead to soil erosion and increased runoff 53 irrigation consumes large quantities of water its extraction from lakes rivers or aquifers may have multiple environmental effects such as lowering the water table and cause salination of aquifers 54 fertilizer production contributes to global warming 55 and its use can lead to pollution and eutrophication of waterways 56 arable farming uses large amounts of fossil fuel releasing greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming 57 pesticide usage can cause harm to wildlife such as to bees 58 mitigations edit further information sustainable agriculture excellent soil structure in land in south dakota with no till farming using a crop rotation of maize soybeans and wheat accompanied by cover crops the main crop has been harvested but the roots of the cover crop are still visible in autumn some of the impacts of growing cereals can be mitigated by changing production practices tillage can be reduced by no till farming such as by direct drilling of cereal seeds or by developing and planting perennial crop varieties so that annual tilling is not required rice can be grown as a ratoon crop 28 and other researchers are exploring perennial cool season cereals such as kernza being developed in the us 59 fertilizer and pesticide usage may be reduced in some polycultures growing several crops in a single field at the same time 60 fossil fuel based nitrogen fertilizer usage can be reduced by intercropping cereals with legumes which fix nitrogen 61 greenhouse gas emissions may be cut further by more efficient irrigation or by water harvesting methods like contour trenching that reduce the need for irrigation and by breeding new crop varieties 62 uses edit direct consumption edit some cereals such as rice require little preparation before human consumption for example to make plain cooked rice raw milled rice is washed and boiled 63 foods such as porridge 64 and muesli may be made largely of whole cereals especially oats whereas commercial breakfast cereals such as granola may be highly processed and combined with sugars oils and other products 65 flour based foods edit main article flour various cereals and their products cereals can be ground to make flour wheat flour is the main ingredient of bread and pasta 66 67 68 maize flour has been important in mesoamerica since ancient times with foods such as mexican tortillas and tamales 69 rye flour is a constituent of bread in central and northern europe 70 while rice flour is common in asia 71 a cereal grain consists of starchy endosperm germ and bran wholemeal flour contains all of these white flour is without some or all of the germ or bran 72 73 alcohol edit further information beer and ethanol fermentation because cereals have a high starch content they are often used to make industrial alcohol 46 and alcoholic drinks by fermentation for instance beer is produced by brewing and fermenting starch mainly from cereal grains most commonly malted barley 47 rice wines such as japanese sake are brewed in asia 74 a fermented rice and honey wine was made in china some 9 000 years ago 49 animal feed edit further information animal feed share of cereals used for animal feed chickens eating cereal rich feed 75 cereals and their related byproducts such as hay are routinely fed to farm animals common cereals as animal food include maize barley wheat and oats moist grains may be treated chemically or made into silage mechanically flattened or crimped and kept in airtight storage until used or stored dry with a moisture content of less than 14 76 commercially grains are often combined with other materials and formed into feed pellets 77 nutrition edit whole grain and processed edit whole grains as used in this bread have more of the original seed making them more nutritious but more prone to spoilage in storage 78 as whole grains cereals provide carbohydrates polyunsaturated fats protein vitamins and minerals when processed by the removal of the bran and germ all that remains is the starchy endosperm 72 nutrients added to cereal during nutritional fortification include iron calcium zinc and folate 79 in some developing countries cereals constitute a majority of daily sustenance in developed countries cereal consumption is moderate and varied but still substantial primarily in the form of refined and processed grains 80 amino acid balance edit further information complete protein and protein combining some cereals are deficient in the essential amino acid lysine obliging vegetarian cultures to combine their diet of cereal grains with legumes to obtain a balanced diet many legumes however are deficient in the essential amino acid methionine which grains contain thus a combination of legumes with grains forms a well balanced diet for vegetarians such combinations include dal lentils with rice by south indians and bengalis beans with maize tortillas tofu with rice and peanut butter with wholegrain wheat bread as sandwiches in several other cultures including the americas 81 for feeding animals the amount of crude protein measured in grains is expressed as grain crude protein concentration 82 comparison of major cereals edit nutritional values for some major cereals 83 per 45g serving barley maize millet oats rice rye sorgh wheat energy kcal 159 163 170 175 165 152 148 153 protein g 5 6 3 6 5 0 7 6 3 4 4 6 4 8 6 1 lipid g 1 1 6 1 9 3 1 1 4 0 7 1 6 1 1 carbohydrate g 33 35 31 30 31 34 32 32 fibre g 7 8 3 3 3 8 4 8 1 6 6 8 3 0 4 8 calcium mg 15 3 4 24 4 11 6 15 iron mg 1 6 1 5 1 3 2 1 0 6 1 2 1 5 1 6 magnesium mg 60 57 51 80 52 50 74 65 phosphorus mg 119 108 128 235 140 149 130 229 potassium mg 203 129 88 193 112 230 163 194 sodium mg 5 16 2 1 2 1 1 1 zinc mg 1 2 0 8 0 8 1 8 1 0 1 2 0 7 1 9 thiamine b1 mg 0 29 0 17 0 19 0 34 0 24 0 14 0 15 0 19 riboflavin b2 mg 0 13 0 09 0 13 0 06 0 04 0 11 0 04 0 05 niacin b3 mg 2 1 6 2 1 0 4 2 9 1 9 1 7 3 0 pantothenic acid b5 mg 0 1 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 7 0 7 0 2 0 4 pyridoxine b6 mg 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 05 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 folic acid b9 mcg 9 11 38 25 10 17 9 19 production and trade commodities edit a grain elevator on fire in ukraine 2023 the russian invasion of ukraine disrupted its wheat exports and the global cereal trade cereals constitute the world s largest commodities by tonnage whether measured by production 84 or by international trade several major producers of cereals dominate the market 85 because of the scale of the trade some countries have become reliant on imports thus cereals pricing or availability can have outsized impacts on countries with a food trade imbalance and thus food security 86 speculation as well as other compounding production and supply factors leading up to the 2008 financial crisis created rapid inflation of grain prices during the 2007 2008 world food price crisis 87 other disruptions such as climate change or war related changes to supply or transportation can create further food insecurity for example the russian invasion of ukraine in 2022 disrupted ukrainian and russian wheat supplies causing a global food price crisis in 2022 that affected countries heavily dependent on wheat flour 88 89 90 91 production edit see also list of countries by cereal production world primary crops harvested area by commodity group cereals are the world s largest crops by tonnage of grain produced 84 three cereals maize wheat and rice together accounted for 91 of all cereal production worldwide in 2024 and 40 of the global availability of food energy in 2023 92 while the production of oats and rye has drastically fallen from their 1960s levels 93 other cereals not included in the u n s food and agriculture organization statistics include wild rice which is grown in small amounts in north america and teff an ancient grain that is a staple in ethiopia 94 teff is grown in sub saharan africa as a grass primarily for feeding horses it is high in fiber and protein its flour is often used to make injera it can be eaten as a warm breakfast cereal like farina with a chocolate or nutty flavor 94 cereal production cereal yield the table shows the annual production of cereals in 1961 1980 2000 2010 and 2024 a 95 93 96 grain worldwide production millions of metric tons notes 1961 1980 2000 2010 2024 maize corn 205 397 592 852 1218 a staple food of people in the americas africa and of livestock worldwide often called corn in north america australia and new zealand a large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption 94 rice b production is in milled terms 285 397 599 697 820 the primary cereal of tropical and some temperate regions staple food in most of brazil other parts of latin america and some other portuguese descended cultures parts of africa even more before the columbian exchange most of south asia and the far east largely overridden by breadfruit a dicot tree in the austronesian expansion in the south pacific 94 wheat 222 440 585 641 798 the primary cereal of temperate regions it has a worldwide consumption but it is a staple food of north america europe australia new zealand argentina brazil and much of the greater middle east wheat gluten based meat substitutes are important in the far east albeit less than tofu and are said to resemble meat texture more than others 94 barley 72 157 133 123 142 grown for malting and livestock on land too poor or too cold for wheat 94 sorghum 41 57 56 60 64 important staple food in asia and africa and popular worldwide for livestock 94 millet 26 25 28 33 31 a group of similar cereals that form an important staple food in asia and africa 94 oats 50 41 26 20 22 popular worldwide as a breakfast food such as in porridge and livestock feed 97 triticale 0 0 17 9 14 12 hybrid of wheat and rye grown similarly to rye 94 rye 35 25 20 12 12 important in cold climates rye grain is used for flour bread beer crispbread some whiskeys some vodkas and animal fodder 94 fonio 0 18 0 15 0 31 0 56 0 69 several varieties are grown as food crops in africa 94 trade edit further information grain trade a bulk grain ship 2006 cereals are the most traded commodities by quantity in 2023 with wheat maize and rice the main cereals involved the americas and europe are the largest exporters and asia is the largest importer 85 in 2023 brazil was the largest exporter of maize while india was the largest exporter of rice and china the largest importer of maize and of rice many other countries trade cereals both as exporters and as importers 98 cereals are traded as futures on world commodity markets helping to mitigate the risks of changes in price for example if harvests fail 99 see also edit food price crisis food quality food safety lists of foods post harvest losses pulse notes edit 1961 is the earliest year for which fao statistics are available the weight given is for paddy rice references edit a b winchell frank stevens chris j murphy charlene champion louis fuller dorian q october 2017 evidence for sorghum domestication in fourth millennium bc eastern sudan spikelet morphology from ceramic impressions of the butana group current anthropology 58 5 673 683 bibcode 2017curra 58 673w doi 10 1086 693898 renfrew colin bahn paul 2012 archaeology theories methods and practice 6th ed thames hudson p 277 isbn 978 0 500 28976 1 the development of agriculture national geographic archived from the original on 14 april 2016 retrieved 22 april 2013 hancock james f 2012 plant evolution and the origin of crop 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