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ristian social party the socialists had their strongholds in the working class districts of the cities while the conservatives built on support from the rural population and most of the upper class the conservatives also maintained close ties to the catholic church in the late 1920s the polarised political situation in austria was exacerbated by paramilitary units such as the home guard heimwehr on the right and the republican protection league republikanischer schutzbund of the social democrats sdapö on the left by the start of the civil war the heimwehr were openly fascist and opposed democracy 4 while the republican protection league saw itself as a protector of the austrian republic 5 holding the austromarxist position on the dictatorship of the proletariat that was pro democracy as part of the social democrats party program 6 the still small austrian nazi party had its sa and ss which were also organized as paramilitary units july revolt and suspension of parliament edit political antagonisms in austria escalated in 1927 when members of the right wing front fighters union frontkämpfervereinigung in schattendorf burgenland shot and killed two people including a child during a demonstration by the republic protection league in the trial of the schattendorf case the jury acquitted the alleged perpetrators on 15 july 1927 the day after the verdict the sdapö s leadership was not able to control the demonstrations of an outraged crowd during the july revolt the vienna palace of justice was stormed and set on fire after police guardrooms were also attacked the police president johannes schober gave orders to disperse the demonstrators with armed force people who were trying to flee as well as some who were not involved in the demonstration were caught in the police fire the result was 89 dead including four policemen and 1 000 wounded 7 the problems facing the first republic worsened in the following years the great depression resulted in high unemployment and after adolf hitler became chancellor of germany in 1933 nazi sympathisers who wanted unification of austria with germany threatened the austrian state from within austrian chancellor engelbert dollfuss wearing a heimwehr uniform 1933 on 4 march 1933 engelbert dollfuss the christian social chancellor suspended the austrian parliament in a close vote on railway workers wages in the national council each of the three presidents of parliament tactically resigned from their positions to cast a ballot which left nobody to preside over the meeting even though the bylaws could have resolved the situation dollfuss used the opportunity to declare that parliament had ceased to function and then blocked all attempts to reconvene it police forces barricaded the parliament building to prevent members from entering 8 the sdapö thus lost its primary platform for political action the christian socialists facing pressure and violence not only from the left but also from nazis infiltrating from germany were able to rule by decree on the basis of a 1917 emergency law they began to suspend civil liberties and imprison members of the social democratic party 9 in the wake of armed conflicts the communist party of austria kpö was banned on 26 may 1933 10 as was the sdapö s republican protection league on the 31st 11 dollfuss the fatherland front and the heimwehr then set about the destruction of the last remnants of the social democratic and marxist oriented workers movement on 24 january 1934 the order went out to search party buildings and members homes for weapons belonging to the protection league the leaders of the sdapö did not respond to the step by step disempowerment and disarming of their movement their cornerstone policy allowed them to fight only if the party were banned the unions dissolved or the government of red vienna suppressed 12 civil war edit in the early morning hours of 12 february 1934 when police went to search for weapons at the linz party headquarters of the social democrats in the hotel schiff the members of the protection league under their local commander richard bernaschek opened fire a coded telegram to him from the sdapö s leaders that warned him urgently against any action and instructed him to await the decision of party leadership had been intercepted by the authorities and never reached him 13 federal army soldiers take position in front of the vienna state opera the fighting spread to other cities and towns in austria in vienna members of the protection league barricaded themselves in city council housing estates gemeindebauten which served as symbols and strongholds for the socialist movement in austria police and paramilitaries took up positions outside the fortified complexes and the parties exchanged small arms fire fighting also occurred in industrial towns including steyr sankt pölten weiz eggenberg graz kapfenberg bruck an der mur graz ebensee and wörgl a decisive moment in the conflict came when the austrian armed forces which had remained a comparatively independent institution entered on the side of the government dollfuss ordered karl marx hof a council housing estate to be shelled with light artillery endangering the lives of civilians and destroying many flats before the socialist fighters surrendered the fighting ended in vienna and upper austria by 13 february but continued in styrian cities especially in bruck an der mur and judenburg until 14 february by 15 february 1934 the austrian civil war had ended 14 the police army and heimwehr divisions that supported them had defeated the poorly networked protection league relatively easily between 10 000 and 20 000 workers stood against a superior force of almost 60 000 men from the gendarmerie and police the army and home defence forces 1 besides the imbalance in numbers and the austrian army s use of artillery the major reason for the uprising s collapse was likely the failure of the call for a general strike to be heeded the hoped for solidarity of law enforcement with the insurgents also did not come about the army police and gendarmerie all remained loyal to the state 15 in large parts of the country lower austria carinthia salzburg tyrol vorarlberg and burgenland complete calm prevailed leading social democrats in carinthia and vorarlberg distanced themselves at the outset from the uprising the mayor of klagenfurt and the deputy governor of carinthia announced their resignations from the sdapö austria or even just vienna was far from being in a state of complete turmoil the daily newspapers of the time had only short reports on the revolts stefan zweig a contemporary observer who was inclined towards the sdapö wrote i was in vienna during those historic february days and saw nothing of the decisive events that played out in vienna and knew nothing not the slightest bit while they were happening cannons were fired houses occupied hundreds of corpses carried away i saw not a single one in the city s central districts everything went on as quietly and regularly as usual while in the suburbs the battle raged and we foolishly believed the official reports that everything was already settled and done with 16 aftermath edit short term edit memorial stone for a police officer killed on 12 february 1934 in linz during the civil war the dollfuss government published a statement on 1 march 1934 reporting that 193 civilians had been killed and 493 wounded in the fighting while among the police and army there were 104 dead and 309 wounded analyses by later researchers vary widely going as high as british journalist george eric rowe gedye s estimate of 2 000 dead and 5 000 wounded 17 according to a comprehensive 2018 study by historian kurt bauer between 350 and 370 people lost their lives in the fighting about 130 of them uninvolved civilians and 110 each among the government forces and members of the protection league the largest number of deaths about 200 to 220 were in vienna 1 18 on 11 november 1933 all of austria had been placed under martial law during which the death penalty was reintroduced for certain crimes an emergency decree of 12 february 1934 extended the list to rebellion so that protection league members who had been taken prisoner while armed estimated at 10 000 19 could be sentenced to death the defendants were tried within three days in abbreviated procedures by summary courts consisting of four professional judges 20 21 the summary courts condemned 24 people to death of whom 15 were pardoned 22 nine men some of them prominent members of the protection league were executed 15 carrying out the death sentences was controversial even among those in the government who were responsible for it heimwehr leader ernst starhemberg saw it as a shameful act of revenge and without sense while emil fey also a leader in the heimwehr insisted on the executions pleas for clemency from cardinal theodor innitzer and the holy see were ignored the detention camp at wöllersdorf which opened in the fall of 1933 for opponents of the regime initially mostly communists and national socialists also held social democrats after february 1934 23 the leadership of the sdapö under otto bauer the leading theoretician of austromarxism julius deutsch and others fled to czechoslovakia on 13 february 24 a move that the representatives of the government exploited as propaganda long term edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed december 2023 learn how and when to remove this message the incidents of february 1934 were taken as a pretext by the government to ban the social democratic party and its affiliated trade unions altogether in may the conservatives replaced the democratic constitution by a corporatist constitution 25 modelled along the lines of benito mussolini s fascist italy for which the socialists coined the term austrofascism the fatherland front into which the heimwehr and the christian social party were merged became the only legal political party in the resulting authoritarian regime the federal state of austria 26 memorial to the victims and fighters at the place where the civil war started in the courtyard of the hotel schiff in linz the government found itself isolated domestically because the social democrats above all due to the death sentences that had been carried out turned away from the state and either called for open resistance using such means as leaflets or went into a kind of inner emigration in his speech during the 1936 socialist trial de of 28 people accused of violating the ban on the sdapö bruno kreisky who was himself on trial alluded to the issue 27 it is also possible that in a difficult moment the government will have to call on the broad masses of the people to defend the borders but only a democratic austria will respond to such a summons only free citizens will fight against the gagging of austria 28 in detention centres and prisons of the second republic social democrats and national socialists come into contact with one another for both austrofascism was the enemy the common ground was to affect the political assessments of former national socialists after world war ii with a greater passage of time it became clear that austria s ability to resist national socialism was decidedly weakened by the austrian civil war and its consequences by later estimates only about a third of the austrian population supported the dictatorial state after the second world war when austria reemerged on the political landscape as a sovereign nation politics again fell under the domination of the social democrats and the conservatives the latter in the austrian people s party övp to avoid repeating the bitter divisions of the first republic leaders of the second republic of austria were determined to promote the principle of a broad consensus as a core element of the new political system they introduced the concept of the grand coalition in which the two major parties shared the government and avoided open confrontation the new system brought with it stability and continuity see also edit history of austria references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 februarkämpfe 1934 february uprising 1934 dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen widerstandes in german retrieved 5 december 2023 1 2 brook shepherd gordon december 1996 the austrians a thousand year odyssey harpercollins p 281 isbn 0 00 638255 x jelavich barbara 1987 modern austria empire republic 1815 1986 cambridge university press p 202 isbn 978 0521316255 heimwehr encyclopedia com encyclopaedia judaica retrieved 1 december 2023 schutzbund encyclopedia britannica 23 march 2010 retrieved 1 december 2023 linzer programm linz program wien geschichte wiki in german retrieved 1 december 2023 30 january 1927 prologue of a fateful day city of vienna retrieved 2 december 2023 4 march 1933 the beginning of the end of parliamentarian democracy in austria city of vienna retrieved 2 december 2023 jelavich 1987 p 199 steiner herbert 1988 die kommunistische partei österreichs und die nationale frage the communist party of austria and the national question dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen widerstandes anschluß 1938 document archive of the austrian resistance anschluss 1938 in german vienna österreichischer bundesverlag p 79 isbn 978 3215068980 döw documentation center of austrian resistance braintrust at archived from the original on 5 march 2016 retrieved 5 july 2015 konrad helmut 12 march 2018 die tiefen wunden des bürgerkriegs the deep wounds of the civil war die kleine zeitung in german retrieved 2 december 2023 bauer kurt 2019 der februar aufstand 1934 fakten und mythen the february uprising 1934 facts and myths in german vienna böhlau verlag p 29 isbn 978 3 205 23229 2 12 februar 1934 österreich stürzt in den bürgerkrieg 12 february 1934 austria plunges into civil war parlament österreich in german retrieved 7 december 2023 1 2 die februarkämpfe 1934 und wie es zu ihnen kam 4 the february uprising and how it came about 4 erster wiener protestwanderweg in german retrieved 2 december 2023 zweig stefan 1994 die welt von gestern erinnerungen eines europäers the world of yesterday memoirs of a european in german frankfurt am main s fischer p 441 isbn 978 3103970173 bauer 2019 pp 71 74 februarkämpfe 1934 die meisten opfer waren unbeteiligte the february uprising 1934 most of the victims were uninvolved der standard in german 10 february 2014 retrieved 8 december 2023 february 1934 austrians take up arms city of vienna retrieved 8 december 2023 tálos emmerich 2013 das austrofaschistische herrschaftssystem österreich 1933 1938 the austrofascist system of rule austria 1933 1938 in german 2nd ed vienna lit verlag pp 48 f neugebauer wolfgang 2014 repressionsapparat und maßnahmen 1933 1938 repressive apparatus and measures 1933 1938 in tálos emmerich ed austrofaschismus politik ökonomie kultur 1933 1938 austrofacism politics economics culture 19...
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