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nsition of power political equality polyarchy populism post democracy proportional representation right to petition right to protest right to candidacy right to vote territorial peace theory tyranny of the majority waves of democracy third wave of autocracy wisdom of the crowd politics portal v t e since 1900 the number of countries democratizing yellow has been higher than those autocratizing blue except in the late 1920s through 1940s and since 2010 democratization or democratisation is the structural government transition from an authoritarian government to a more democratic political regime including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction 1 2 the opposite process of democratic transition is known as democratic backsliding or autocratization whether and to what extent democratization occurs can be influenced by various factors including economic development historical legacies civil society and international processes some accounts of democratization emphasize how elites drove democratization whereas other accounts emphasize grassroots bottom up processes 3 how democratization occurs has also been used to explain other political phenomena such as whether a country goes to a war or whether its economy grows 4 description edit further information hybrid regime global trend report bertelsmann transformation index 2022 5 theories of democratization seek to explain a large macro level change of a political regime from authoritarianism to democracy symptoms of democratization include reform of the electoral system increased suffrage and reduced political apathy measures of democratization edit democracy indices enable the quantitative assessment of democratization some common democracy indices are freedom house polity data series v dem democracy indices and democracy index democracy indices can be quantitative or categorical some disagreements among scholars concern the concept of democracy and how to measure democracy and what democracy indices should be used waves of democratization edit the three waves of democracy identified by samuel p huntington one way to summarize the outcome theories of democratization seek to account is with the idea of waves of democratization a wave of democratization refers to a major surge of democracy in history samuel p huntington identified three waves of democratization that have taken place in history 6 the first one brought democracy to western europe and north america in the 19th century it was followed by a rise of dictatorships during the interwar period the second wave began after world war ii but lost steam between 1962 and the mid 1970s the latest wave began in 1974 and is still ongoing democratization of latin america and the former eastern bloc is part of this third wave waves of democratization can be followed by waves of de democratization in 1991 huntington offered the following depiction first wave of democratization 1828 1926 first wave of de democratization 1922 1942 second wave of democratization 1943 1962 second wave of de democratization 1958 1975 third wave of democratization 1974 the idea of waves of democratization has been used and scrutinized by many other authors including renske doorenspleet 7 john markoff 8 seva gunitsky 9 and svend erik skaaning 10 according to seva gunitsky from the 18th century to the arab spring 2011 2012 13 democratic waves can be identified 9 by country edit part of the politics series on republicanism concepts anti monarchism anti corruption civic virtue civil society consent of the governed democracy democratization liberty as non domination mixed government political representation popular sovereignty public participation republic res publica rule of law self governance separation of powers social contract social equality schools gaullism jeffersonian democracy kantianism kemalism khomeinism nasserism venizelism types autonomous capitalist christian classical democratic directorial system federal federal council imperial islamic maritime modern parliamentary peasant people s revolutionary secular sister socialist philosophers adams john arendt baggini bello bentham berlin bodin cattaneo chappell cicero condorcet crick franklin harrington honderich jefferson kant locke machiavelli madison marx mazzini mill montesquieu paine pettit polybius rousseau sandel sidney skinner quentin sunstein tocqueville warburton wollstonecraft politicians adams gerry adams john ashton atatürk azaña bartley benn bennett bolívar chapman clark katy clarke tom connolly cromwell davidson de gaulle de valera drakeford etherington fabiani ferguson flynn paul flynn stephen foot gambetta garibaldi grévy griffith griffiths harvie hatton hébert hopkins huppert iorwerth jackson jay jefferson jones elin jones lynne juárez kane khomeini la malfa lenin lewis lincoln lucas mackay mackenzie madison magid manley mannin mcdonnell mckechin mottley mullin nandy naysmith nehru papineau pound prescott ritchie robespierre sayed sillars singh skates skinner dennis slater slaughter smith spadolini stuart sun taverne venizelos washington whitlam wilson wood theoretical works republic c 375 bc de re publica 54 51 bc discourses on livy 1531 the tenure of kings and magistrates 1649 the commonwealth of oceana 1656 discourses concerning government 1698 the spirit of law 1748 discourse on inequality 1755 the social contract 1762 the federalist papers 1787 1788 rights of man 1791 perpetual peace a philosophical sketch 1794 democracy in america 1835 1840 on revolution 1963 history roman republic gaṇasaṅgha classical athens republic of venice republic of genoa republic of florence dutch republic american revolution french revolution spanish american wars of independence trienio liberal french revolution of 1848 proclamation of the republic 5 october 1910 revolution chinese revolution russian revolution german revolution of 1918 1919 turkish war of independence mongolian revolution of 1921 11 september 1922 revolution 1935 greek coup attempt spanish civil war 1944 icelandic constitutional referendum 1946 italian institutional referendum egyptian revolution of 1952 14 july revolution 1960 south african republic referendum north yemen civil war zanzibar revolution 1969 libyan revolution 1970 cambodian coup d état metapolitefsi 1974 greek republic referendum iranian revolution 1987 fijian coups d état 1993 brazilian constitutional referendum nepalese civil war barbadian republic proclamation national variants antigua and barbuda australia bahamas barbados canada ireland jamaica japan morocco netherlands new zealand norway spain catalonia sweden united kingdom scotland wales united states republic days armenia azerbaijan china iceland india iran italy kazakhstan malta moldova nepal niger north korea north macedonia pakistan philippines taiwan turkey related topics classical radicalism common good communitarianism consul criticism of monarchy egalitarianism the emperor s new clothes jacobinism liberalism list of monarchy referendums list of republics monarchism peasant republic primus inter pares republic without republicans republican empire republican party politics portal v t e throughout the history of democracy enduring democracy advocates succeed almost always through peaceful means when there is a window of opportunity one major type of opportunity include governments weakened after a violent shock 11 the other main avenue occurs when autocrats are not threatened by elections and democratize while retaining power 12 the path to democracy can be long with setbacks along the way 13 14 15 the v dem institute found ongoing democratization during the year 2025 in 18 countries benin bolivia botswana brazil dominican republic fiji guatemala lesotho mauritius montenegro poland seychelles solomon islands sri lanka timor leste thailand the gambia and zambia 16 athens edit this section is an excerpt from athenian revolution edit the athenian revolution 508 507 bce was a revolt by the people of athens that overthrew the ruling aristocratic oligarchy establishing the almost century long self governance of athens in the form of a participatory democracy open to all free male citizens it was a reaction to a broader trend of tyranny that had swept through athens and the rest of greece 17 benin edit this section is an excerpt from 1989 1990 unrest in benin edit the 1989 1990 unrest in benin was a wave of protests demonstrations nonviolent boycotts grassroots rallies opposition campaigns and strikes in benin against the government of mathieu kérékou unpaid salaries and new budget laws 18 brazil edit this section is an excerpt from redemocratization in brazil edit diretas já demonstration in brasília for open elections the redemocratization of brazil portuguese abertura política lit political opening was the 1974 1988 period of liberalization under the country s military dictatorship ending with the decline of the regime the signing of the country s new constitution and the transition to democracy 19 then president ernesto geisel began the process of liberalization nicknamed portuguese distensão in 1974 by allowing for the brazilian democratic movement opposition party s participation in congressional elections he worked to address human rights violations and began to undo the military dictatorship s founding legislation the institutional acts in 1978 general joão figueiredo elected the next year continued the transition to democracy freeing the last political prisoners in 1980 and instituting direct elections in 1982 the 1985 election of a ruling opposition party marked the military dictatorship s end the process of liberalization ultimately was successful culminating with the promulgation of the 1988 brazilian constitution 20 chile edit this section is an excerpt from chilean transition to democracy edit the transition to democracy in chile also known in spanish as la transición the transition refers to the historical process by which chile moved away from the military dictatorship led by general augusto pinochet which had ruled the country since the 1973 coup d état that overthrew president salvador allende and restored a democratically elected government the dictatorship formally ended on 11 march 1990 when the armed forces handed executive power to patricio aylwin a christian democrat elected after the 1988 plebiscite and the 1989 presidential election 21 france edit the french revolution 1789 briefly allowed a wide franchise the french revolutionary wars and the napoleonic wars lasted for more than twenty years the french directory was more oligarchic the first french empire and the bourbon restoration restored more autocratic rule the french second republic had universal male suffrage but was followed by the second french empire the franco prussian war 1870 71 resulted in the french third republic germany edit germany established its first democracy in 1919 with the creation of the weimar republic a parliamentary republic created following the german empire s defeat in world war i the weimar republic lasted only 14 years before it collapsed and was replaced by nazi dictatorship 22 historians continue to debate the reasons why the weimar republic s attempt at democratization failed 22 after germany was militarily defeated in world war ii democracy was reestablished in west germany during the u s led occupation which undertook the denazification of society 23 greece edit this section is an excerpt from metapolitefsi edit the metapolitefsi 24 was a period in modern greek history from the fall of the ioannides military junta of 1973 74 to the transition period shortly after the 1974 legislative elections indonesia edit further information liberal democracy period in indonesia and post suharto era in indonesia italy edit king charles albert of sardinia signs the albertine statute 4 march 1848 the constitution of the italian republic came into force on 1 january 1948 after the 1946 italian institutional referendum in september 1847 violent riots inspired by liberals broke out in reggio calabria and in messina in the kingdom of the two sicilies which were put down by the military on 12 january 1848 a rising in palermo spread throughout the island and served as a spark for the revolutions of 1848 all over europe after similar revolutionary outbursts in salerno south of naples and in the cilento region which were backed by the majority of the intelligentsia of the kingdom on 29 january 1848 king ferdinand ii of the two sicilies was forced to grant a constitution using for a pattern the french charter of 1830 this constitution was quite advanced for its time in liberal democratic terms as was the proposal of a unified italian confederation of states 25 on 11 february 1848 leopold ii of tuscany first cousin of emperor ferdinand i of austria granted the constitution with the general approval of his subjects the habsburg example was followed by charles albert of sardinia through the albertine statute which later became the constitution of the unified kingdom of italy and remained in force with changes until 1948 26 and by pope pius ix through the fundamental statute however only king charles albert maintained the statute even after the end of the riots the kingdom of italy after the unification of italy in 1861 was a constitutional monarchy the new kingdom was governed by a parliamentary constitutional monarchy dominated by liberals a the italian socialist party increased in strength challenging the traditional liberal and conservative establishment from 1915 to 1918 the kingdom of italy took part in world war i on the side of the entente and against the central powers in 1922 following a period of crisis and turmoil the italian fascist dictatorship was established during world war ii italy was first part of the axis until it surrendered to the allied powers 1940 1943 and then as part of its territory was occupied by nazi germany with fascist collaboration a co belligerent of the allies during the italian resistance and the subsequent italian civil war and the liberation of italy 1943 1945 the aftermath of world war ii left italy also with an anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the fascist italy regime for the previous twenty years these frustrations contributed to a revival of the italian republican movement 27 italy became a republic after the 1946 italian institutional referendum 28 held on 2 june a day celebrated since as festa della repubblica italy has a written democratic constitution resulting from the work of a constituent assembly formed by the representatives of all the anti fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of nazi and fascist forces during the liberation of italy and the italian civil war 29 and coming into force on 1 january 1948 japan edit in japan limited democratic reforms were introduced during the meiji period when the industrial modernization of japan began the taishō period 1912 1926 and the early shōwa period 30 despite pro democracy mov...
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