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ero is the most rational system remaining of the philosophy of the ancients as frugal of vicious indulgence and fruitful of virtue as the hyperbolical extravagances of his rival sects 92 other modern day epicureans were gassendi walter charleton françois bernier saint évremond ninon de l enclos denis diderot frances wright and jeremy bentham in france where perfumer restaurateur gérald ghislain refers to himself as an epicurean citation needed michel onfray is developing a post modern approach to epicureanism 93 in his 2011 book titled the swerve stephen greenblatt identified himself as strongly sympathetic to epicureanism and lucretius humanistic judaism as a denomination also claims the epicurean label similarities with eastern philosophies edit some scholars have drawn parallels between epicureanism and some eastern philosophies that similarly emphasize atomism or a lack of divine interference such as jainism charvaka and buddhism 94 epicureanism also resembles buddhism in its belief that great excess leads to great dissatisfaction 95 96 misconceptions edit in modern popular usage an epicurean is a connoisseur of the arts of life and the refinements of sensual pleasures epicureanism implies a love or knowledgeable enjoyment especially of good food and drink because epicureanism posits that pleasure is the ultimate good telos it has been commonly misunderstood since ancient times as a doctrine that advocates the partaking in fleeting pleasures such as sexual excess and decadent food this is not the case epicurus regarded ataraxia tranquility freedom from fear and aponia absence of pain as the height of happiness he also considered prudence an important virtue and perceived excess and overindulgence to be contrary to the attainment of ataraxia and aponia 47 while epicurus sought moderation at meals he was also not averse to moderation in moderation that is to occasional luxury 97 called the garden for being based in what would have been a kitchen garden his community also became known for its eikas greek εἰκάς from εἴκοσῐ eíkosi twenty 98 feasts of the twentieth of the greek month 99 100 101 which was otherwise considered sacred to the god apollo and also corresponding to the final day of the rites of initiation to the mysteries of demeter 97 epicurea edit the epicurea is a collection of texts fragments and testimonies by epicurus that was collected by hermann usener in 1887 this work features a collection of writings by epicurus that explain the values and beliefs of ancient epicurian philosophy 102 notes edit epicurism world english historical dictionary accessed january 2026 1 2 3 4 wilson 2015 hirschi solmeng jonas letter to pythocles epicurus human beings beyond person and self oxford 2026 online edn oxford academic 6 feb 2026 https doi org 10 1093 9780191976605 003 0004 accessed 2 july 2026 1 2 3 copleston frederick charles copleston frederick charles 1985 vol i greece and rome vol ii augustine to scotus vol iii ockham to suarez a history of philosophy new york doubleday image books p 401 isbn 978 0 385 23031 5 1 2 david konstan 2018 epicurus stanford encyclopedia of philosophy the hidden history of greco roman vegetarianism saving earth encyclopedia britannica 10 august 2010 dombrowski daniel 1984 the philosophy of vegetarianism university of massachusetts press p 81 isbn 978 0 87023 431 6 macgillivray erlend d 2012 the popularity of epicureanism in late republic roman society the ancient world xliii 151 172 archived from the original on 5 june 2020 retrieved 27 may 2017 michael frede 1999 epilogue the cambridge history of hellenistic philosophy the cambridge history of hellenistic philosophy pp 795 96 doi 10 1017 chol9780521250283 024 isbn 9780521250283 epicurus letter to herodotus 38 39 in epicurus 1993 the essential epicurus letters principal doctrines vatican sayings and fragments translated by eugene o connor p 21 long a a sedley d n 1987 the hellenistic philosophers vol 1 new york cambridge university press p 26 o keefe 2010 pp 11 13 1 2 3 4 wilson 2015 p page 9 o keefe 2010 p 21 1 2 3 o keefe 2010 pp 18 20 sharples r w 1998 stoics epicureans and sceptics an introduction to hellenistic philosophy new york ny routledge pp 34 35 1 2 sharples r w 1996 stoics epicureans and sceptics an introduction to hellenistic philosophy new york ny routledge pp 35 37 diogenes laertius 1925 lives of eminent philosophers volume ii books 6 10 translated by hicks r d cambridge mass harvard university press pp 573 575 1 2 3 4 5 wilson 2015 p 11 1 2 3 o keefe 2010 pp 25 28 1 2 3 sharples r w 1996 stoics epicurus and sceptics an introduction to hellenistic philosophy new york ny routledge pp 64 66 1 2 o keefe 2010 p 85 1 2 3 4 wilson 2015 pp 54 55 asmis elizabeth 2009 epicurean empiricism in warren james ed the cambridge companion to epicureanism cambridge university press p 84 1 2 3 4 o keefe 2010 pp 97 98 bakalis nikolaos 2005 handbook of greek philosophy from thales to the stoics analysis and fragments canada trafford publishing pp 193 197 konstan david 2011 fish jeffrey sanders kirk r eds epicurus and the epicurean tradition cambridge cambridge university press pp 62 63 isbn 9780521194785 1 2 o keefe 2010 pp 103 104 1 2 3 4 sharples r w 1996 stoics epicureans and sceptics new york ny routledge p 19 1 2 3 4 asmis elizabeth 2009 epicurean empiricism in warren james ed the cambridge companion to epicureanism cambridge cambridge university press pp 93 94 1 2 sharples r w 1996 stoics epicureans and sceptics an introduction to hellenistic philosophy new york ny routledge pp 12 13 1 2 sharples r w 1996 stoics epicureans and sceptics an introduction to hellenistic philosophy new york ny routledge pp 12 16 asmis elizabeth 2009 epicurean empiricism in warren james ed the cambridge companion to epicureanism cambridge university press p 85 sharples r w 1996 stoics epicureans and sceptics an introduction to hellenistic philosophy new york ny routledge pp 18 19 1 2 3 4 o keefe 2010 pp 101 103 1 2 tsouna voula 2016 epicurean preconceptions phronesis 61 2 215 doi 10 1163 15685284 12341304 1 2 3 o keefe 2010 pp 107 115 sharples r w 1996 stoics epicureans and sceptics an introduction to hellenistic philosophy new york ny routledge p 84 letter to menoeceus practical wisdom is the foundation of all these things and is the greatest good thus practical wisdom is more valuable than even philosophy and is the source of every other good teaching us that it is not possible to live pleasantly without also living wisely and honorably and justly nor to live wisely and honorably and justly without living pleasantly for the virtues grow up together with the pleasant life and the pleasant life is inseparable from them principal doctrine 27 of all things that wisdom provides for living one s entire life in happiness the greatest by far is the possession of friendship principal doctrine 28 the same conviction which inspires confidence that nothing terrible lasts forever or even for long also enables us to see that in the midst of life s limited evils nothing enhances our security so much as friendship principal doctrine 12 one cannot rid himself of his primal fears if he does not understand the nature of the universe but instead suspects the truth of some mythical story so without the study of nature there can be no enjoyment of pure pleasure austin emily a 2023 living for pleasure an epicurean guide to life guides to the good life new york ny oxford university press pp 171 190 isbn 978 0 19 755832 4 wilson 2015 pp 84 85 o keefe 2010 p 145 o keefe 2010 pp 155 171 1 2 epicurus letter to menoeceus contained in diogenes laertius lives of eminent philosophers book x principal doctrine 3 pleasure reaches its maximum limit at the removal of all sources of pain when such pleasure is present for as long as it lasts there is no cause of physical nor mental pain present nor of both together 1 2 3 4 o keefe 2010 pp 117 121 wilson 2015 p 93 1 2 3 o keefe 2010 pp 118 119 1 2 3 4 o keefe 2010 pp 119 120 konstan david epicurus the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy fall 2013 edition edward n zalta ed http plato stanford edu archives fall2013 entries epicurus j c b gosling and c c w taylor katastematic and kinetic pleasures in the greeks on pleasure eds j c b gosling and c c w taylor clarendon press 1982 cicero de fin i 37 38 splawn clay 2002 updating epicurus s concept of katastematic pleasure journal of value inquiry 36 4 473 doi 10 1023 a 1021997823870 s2cid 146146475 1 2 sharples r w 1996 stoics epicureans and sceptics an introduction to hellenistic philosophy new york ny routledge pp 91 92 1 2 warren james 2002 epicurus and democritean ethics an archaeology of ataraxia new york ny university of cambridge p 4 1 2 o keefe 2010 p 120 epicurus vatican saying 21 1 2 3 4 austin emily 2023 living for pleasure an epicurean guide to life guides to the good life new york ny oxford university press pp 42 53 isbn 978 0 19 755832 4 principal doctrine 30 if one s zeal is intense in the case of those natural desires that lead to no pain if they remain unsatisfied than such desires arise due to groundless notions and when do not vanish it is not because of their own nature but thanks to those groundless human notions o keefe 2010 pp 125 126 o keefe 2010 pp 125 127 1 2 o keefe 2010 pp 139 140 1 2 o keefe 2010 pp 142 145 1 2 3 4 o keefe 2010 pp 139 142 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 warren james ed 2009 the cambridge companion to epicureanism cambridge uk cambridge university press isbn 9780521873475 oclc 297147109 on goals 1 65 austin emily a 2023 living for pleasure an epicurean guide to life guides to the good life new york ny oxford university press pp 180 183 isbn 978 0 19 755832 4 wilson 2015 p 52 russell bertrand a history of western philosophy pp 239 40 death is not the end catholic exchange 26 june 2015 retrieved 14 september 2023 1 2 3 o keefe 2010 pp 155 156 james warren ed the cambridge companion to epicureanism p 124 james warren ed the cambridge companion to epicureanism p 105 1 2 3 4 5 sedley david 2011 epicurus theological innatism in fish jeffrey sanders kirk r eds epicurus and the epicurean tradition united kingdom cambridge university press pp 29 30 isbn 9780521194785 1 2 3 4 konstan david 2011 epicurus on the gods in fish jeffrey sanders kirk r eds epicurus and the epicurean tradition united kingdom cambridge university press pp 53 54 isbn 9780521194785 mansfeld jaap 1993 aspects of epicurean theology mnemosyne 46 2 176 178 doi 10 1163 156852593x00484 buchheit vinzenz 2007 epicurus triumph of the mind in gale monica r ed oxford readings in classical studies lucretius new york ny oxford university press pp 110 111 o keefe 2010 pp 158 159 god either wants to eliminate bad things and cannot or can but does not want to or neither wishes to nor can or both wants to and can if he wants to and cannot then he is weak and this does not apply to god if he can but does not want to then he is spiteful which is equally foreign to god s nature if he neither wants to nor can he is both weak and spiteful and so not a god if he wants to and can which is the only thing fitting for a god where then do bad things come from or why does he not eliminate them lactantius de ira deorumlactantius de ira deorum 13 19 epicurus frag 374 usener david hume paraphrased this passage in his dialogues concerning natural religion epicurus s old questions are yet unanswered is he willing to prevent evil but not able then is he impotent is he able but not willing then is he malevolent is he both able and willing whence then is evil mark joseph larrimore 2001 the problem of evil pp xix xxi wiley blackwell glei reinhold f 1988 et invidus et inbecillus das angebliche epikurfragment bei laktanz de ira dei 13 20 21 vigiliae christianae 42 1 47 58 doi 10 2307 1584470 jstor 1584470 sextus empiricus outlines of pyrrhonism 175 those who firmly maintain that god exists will be forced into impiety for if they say that he god takes care of everything they will be saying that god is the cause of evils while if they say that he takes care of some things only or even nothing they will be forced to say that he is either malevolent or weak mishnah seder nezikin tractate sanhedrin 10a jewish encyclopedia funk and wagnalls retrieved 30 march 2013 trans robert pinsky the inferno of dante p 320 n 11 francis bacon apothegms 280 the works of francis bacon volume 1 apophthegms diogenes laertius lives of the eminent philosophers book iv chapter 6 section 45 http www perseus tufts edu hopper text doc perseus 3atext 3a1999 01 0258 3abook 3d4 3achapter 3d6 cambridge platonists seventeenth century rationalism theology britannica www britannica com retrieved 14 september 2023 full text of the writings of thomas jefferson archive org retrieved 6 may 2016 michel onfray la puissance d exister manifeste hédoniste grasset 2006 scharfstein ben ami 1998 a comparative history of world philosophy from the upanishads to kant suny press p 202 isbn 9780791436837 cooper david e james simon p 2017 buddhism virtue and environment routledge p 105 isbn 9781351954310 dee l clayman 2014 berenice ii and the golden age of ptolemaic egypt oxford university press p 33 1 2 dewitt norman wentworth 1964 epicurus and his philosophy minneapolis minnesota university of minnesota press pp 104 105 frischer bernard 1982 the sculpted word epicureanism and philosophical recruitment in ancient greece berkeley california university of california press pp 42 cicero de finibus bonorum et malorum p ii 101 philodemus epigrams excerpted from the greek anthology 11 44 attalus diogenes laërtius lives of the eminent philosophers book x section 18 epicurus 2010 usener hermann ed epicurea doi 10 1017 cbo9780511711077 isbn 9780511711077 sources edit primary edit see also list of english translations of de rerum natura laërtius diogenes epicurus lives of the eminent philosophers vol 2 10 translated by hicks robert drew two volume ed loeb classical library long a a sedley d n the hellenistic philosophers volume 1 cambridge cambridge university press 1987 isbn 0 521 27556 3 martin ferguson smith ed diogenes of oinoanda the epicurean inscription edited with introduction translation and notes naples bibliopolis 1993 schild detlev the birth of the natural sciences atticus göttingen 2025 an almost verbatim translation of and a free translation with comments on epicurus letter to herodotus laërtius diogenes epicurus lives of the eminent philosophers secondary edit annas julia 1995 the morality of happiness oxford university press furley david j 1999 routledge history of philosophy volume ii from aristotle to augustine routledge o keefe tim 2010 epicureanism university of california press reale giovanni 1985 a history of ancient philosophy the systems of the hellenistic age suny press wilson catherine 2015 epicureanism a very short introduction oxford united kingdom oxford university press isbn 9780199688326 oclc 917374685 further reading edit emily a austin living 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