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889 41st capital helena largest city billings largest county or equivalent yellowstone largest metro and urban areas billings government governor greg gianforte r lieutenant governor kristen juras r legislature legislature upper house senate lower house house of representatives judiciary montana supreme court u s senators steve daines r tim sheehy r u s house delegation 1 ryan zinke r 2 troy downing r list area total 147 000 sq mi 380 800 km 2 land 145 550 sq mi 376 980 km 2 water 1 491 sq mi 3 862 km 2 rank 4th dimensions length 250 mi 410 km width 631 mi 1 015 km elevation 3 410 ft 1 040 m highest elevation granite peak 1 2 12 807 ft 3 903 5 m lowest elevation kootenai river at idaho border 1 2 1 827 ft 557 m population 2025 total 1 144 694 3 rank 43rd density 7 8 sq mi 3 km 2 rank 48th median household income 70 800 2 0 23 4 income rank 34th demonyms montanan language official language english 5 time zone utc 07 00 mountain summer dst utc 06 00 mdt usps abbreviation mt iso 3166 code us mt traditional abbreviation mont latitude 44 21 n to 49 n longitude 104 2 w to 116 3 w website mt gov state symbols of montana list of state symbols flag of montana seal of montana bird western meadowlark butterfly mourning cloak fish westslope cutthroat trout flower bitterroot mammal grizzly bear tree ponderosa pine fossil maiasaura peeblesorum gemstone sapphire agate state route marker lists of united states state symbols montana m ɒ n ˈ t æ n ə ⓘ mon tan ə 6 is a landlocked state in the mountain west subregion of the western united states it is bordered by idaho to the west north dakota to the east south dakota to the southeast wyoming to the south and the canadian provinces of alberta british columbia and saskatchewan to the north it is the fourth largest state by area but the eighth least populous state and the third least densely populated state its capital is helena while the most populous city is billings the western half of the state contains numerous mountain ranges particularly the rocky mountains while the eastern half is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands with smaller mountain ranges found throughout the state most of montana came under american sovereignty with the louisiana purchase from france in 1803 and was explored by the lewis and clark expedition shortly thereafter 7 fur trappers followed and were the main economic activity in the area until gold was discovered in 1858 7 the ensuing gold rush along with the passage of the homestead acts in 1862 brought large numbers of american settlers to montana 7 rapid population growth and development culminated in statehood on november 8 1889 mining particularly around butte and helena would remain the state s main economic engine through the mid 20th century montana has no official nickname but several unofficial ones most notably big sky country the treasure state land of the shining mountains and the last best place 8 its economy is primarily based on agriculture including ranching and cereal grain farming other significant economic resources include oil gas coal mining and lumber the health care service defense and government sectors are also significant to the state s economy montana s fastest growing sector is tourism with 12 6 million tourists visiting the state each year as of 2019 9 in 2024 the number reached 13 7 million the highest ever 10 etymology the name montana comes from the spanish word montaña which in turn comes from the latin word montanea meaning mountain or more broadly mountainous country 11 12 montaña del norte northern mountain was the name given by early spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west 12 the name montana was added in 1863 to a bill by the united states house committee on territories chaired at the time by james ashley of ohio for the territory that would become idaho territory 13 the name was changed by representatives henry wilson massachusetts and benjamin f harding oregon who complained that montana had no meaning 13 alternative names included jefferson 14 when ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of idaho he again chose montana territory 15 this time representative samuel cox also of ohio objected to the name 15 cox complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not mountainous and thought a native american name would be more appropriate than a spanish one 15 other names such as shoshone were suggested but the committee on territories decided that they had discretion to choose the name so the original name of montana was adopted 15 history main article history of montana early indian treaty territories in montana assiniboine family montana 1890 91 for thousands of years various indigenous peoples have inhabited the land that is now montana historic tribes encountered by europeans and settlers from the united states included the crow in the south central area the cheyenne and lakota in the southeast the blackfeet assiniboine and gros ventres in the central and north central area and the kootenai and salish the séliš or flathead in the west the ql̓ispé or pend d oreilles and kalispel tribes lived near flathead lake and the western mountains respectively a part of southeastern montana was used as a corridor between the crows and the related hidatsas in north dakota 16 as part of the missouri river watershed all of the land in montana east of the continental divide was part of the louisiana purchase in 1803 except for a tiny portion in the northeast that is part of the hudson bay drainage subsequent to and particularly in the decades following the lewis and clark expedition european canadian and american traders operated a fur trade trading with indigenous peoples in both western and eastern portions of the area though the increased interaction between fur traders and indigenous peoples frequently proved to be a profitable partnership conflicts broke out when indigenous interests were threatened such as the conflict between american trappers and the blackfeet indigenous peoples in the region were also decimated by diseases introduced by fur traders to which they had no immunity 17 18 the trading post fort raymond 1807 1811 was constructed in crow indian country in 1807 19 until the oregon treaty of 1846 land west of the continental divide was disputed between the british and u s governments and was known as the oregon country the first permanent settlement by euro americans in what today is montana was st mary s established in 1841 near present day stevensville 20 in 1847 fort benton was built as the uppermost fur trading post on the missouri river 21 in the 1850s settlers began moving into the beaverhead and big hole valleys from the oregon trail and into the clark s fork valley 22 the first gold discovered in montana was at gold creek near present day garrison in 1852 the gold rush in the region commenced in earnest starting in 1862 a series of major mineral discoveries in the western part of the state found gold silver copper lead and coal and later oil which attracted tens of thousands of miners to the area the richest of all gold placer diggings was discovered at alder gulch where the town of virginia city was established other rich placer deposits were found at last chance gulch where the city of helena now stands confederate gulch silver bow emigrant gulch and cooke city gold output between 1862 and 1876 reached 144 million after which silver became even more important the largest mining operations were at butte with important silver deposits and expansive copper deposits yogo sapphires are also mined in montana 23 montana territory main articles organic act list of organic acts and montana territory montana territory in 1865 24 before the creation of montana territory 1864 1889 areas within present day montana were part of the oregon territory 1848 1859 washington territory 1853 1863 idaho territory 1863 1864 and dakota territory 1861 1864 montana territory became a territory of the united states on may 26 1864 the first territorial capital was located at bannack sidney edgerton served as the first territorial governor the capital moved to virginia city in 1865 and to helena in 1875 in 1870 the non indian population of the montana territory was 20 595 25 the montana historical society founded on february 2 1865 in virginia city is the oldest such institution west of the mississippi excluding louisiana 26 in 1869 and 1870 respectively the cook folsom peterson and the washburn langford doane expeditions were launched from helena into the upper yellowstone region the extraordinary discoveries and reports from these expeditions led to the creation of yellowstone national park in 1872 conflicts see also list of military installations in montana as settlers began populating montana from the 1850s through the 1870s disputes with native americans ensued primarily over land ownership and control in 1855 washington territorial governor isaac stevens negotiated the hellgate treaty between the united states government and the salish pend d oreille and kootenai people of western montana which established boundaries for the tribal nations the treaty was ratified in 1859 27 while the treaty established what later became the flathead indian reservation trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led settlers to believe the bitterroot valley was opened to settlement but the tribal nations disputed those provisions 28 the salish remained in the bitterroot valley until 1891 29 the first u s army post established in montana was camp cooke in 1866 on the missouri river to protect steamboat traffic to fort benton more than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of montana and surrounding states major battles occurred in montana during red cloud s war the great sioux war of 1876 and the nez perce war and in conflicts with piegan blackfeet the most notable were the marias massacre 1870 battle of the little bighorn 1876 battle of the big hole 1877 and battle of bear paw 1877 the last recorded conflict in montana between the u s army and native americans occurred in 1887 during the battle of crow agency in the big horn country native survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations 30 chief joseph and col john gibbon met again on the big hole battlefield site in 1889 simultaneously with these conflicts bison a keystone species and the primary protein source that native people had survived on for many centuries were being destroyed experts estimate that around 13 million bison roamed montana in 1870 31 in 1875 general philip sheridan pleaded to a joint session of congress to authorize the slaughtering of bison herds to deprive native people of their source of food 32 by 1884 commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction only about 325 bison remained in the entire united states 33 cattle ranching cattle ranching has been central to montana s history and economy since johnny grant began wintering cattle in the deer lodge valley in the 1850s and traded cattle fattened in fertile montana valleys with emigrants on the oregon trail 34 nelson story brought the first texas longhorn cattle into the territory in 1866 35 36 granville stuart samuel hauser and andrew j davis started a major open range cattle operation in fergus county in 1879 37 38 the grant kohrs ranch national historic site in deer lodge is maintained today as a link to the ranching style of the late 19th century operated by the national park service it is a 1 900 acre 7 7 km 2 working ranch 39 railroads buffalo soldiers ft keogh montana 1890 the nickname was given to the black cavalry by the native american tribes they fought tracks of the northern pacific railroad npr reached montana from the west in 1882 and from the east in 1883 however the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with native american tribes in the 1870s jay cooke the npr president launched major surveys into the yellowstone valley in 1871 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the sioux under chief sitting bull these clashes in part contributed to the panic of 1873 a financial crisis that delayed the construction of the railroad into montana 40 surveys in 1874 1875 and 1876 helped spark the great sioux war of 1876 the transcontinental npr was completed on september 8 1883 at gold creek in 1881 the utah and northern railway a branch line of the union pacific completed a narrow gauge line from northern utah to butte 41 a number of smaller spur lines operated in montana from 1881 into the 20th century including the oregon short line montana railroad and milwaukee road tracks of the great northern railroad gnr reached eastern montana in 1887 and when they reached the northern rocky mountains in 1890 the gnr became a significant promoter of tourism to glacier national park region the transcontinental gnr was completed on january 6 1893 at scenic washington 42 and is known as the hi line being the northernmost transcontinental rail line in the united states statehood main articles admission to the union and list of u s states by date of admission to the union reporting statehood from helena full article text is here the official telegram executive mansion washington d c november 7 1889 to hon joseph k toole governor of the state of montana the president signed and issued the proclamation declaring montana a state of the union at 10 40 o clock this morning james g blaine secretary of state 43 this article in a butte newspaper celebrates the blessings of true citizenship 44 under territorial governor thomas meagher montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood a second constitutional convention held in helena in 1884 produced a constitution ratified 3 1 by montana citizens in november 1884 for political reasons congress did not approve montana statehood until february 1889 and president grover cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to montana north dakota south dakota and washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted in july 1889 montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution accepted by the people and the federal government on november 8 1889 president benjamin harrison proclaimed montana the union s 41st state the first state governor was joseph k toole 45 in the 1880s helena the state capital had more millionaires per capita than any other united states city 46 homesteading the homestead act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and prove up 160 acres 0 65 km 2 of federal land in the midwest and western united states montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres were usually insufficient to support a family in the arid t...
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