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yɛ қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ yerwa kanuri 한국어 къарачай малкъар kurdî коми kernowek кыргызча latina lëtzebuergesch лезги limburgs ligure ladin lombard ລາວ lietuvių latgaļu latviešu мокшень malagasy македонски മലയാളം монгол मराठी bahasa melayu malti mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی napulitano nedersaksies plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål novial occitan livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ papiamentu pälzisch polski piemontèis پنجابی پښتو português rumantsch romani čhib română русский русиньскый саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ sardu sicilianu scots سنڌي davvisámegiella srpskohrvatski српскохрватски taclḥit සිංහල simple english slovenčina slovenščina soomaaliga shqip српски srpski seeltersk svenska kiswahili ślůnski தமிழ் తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog toki pona türkçe татарча tatarça тыва дыл удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto vepsän kel tiếng việt volapük walon winaray 吴语 isixhosa მარგალური ייִדיש yorùbá vahcuengh zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 isizulu edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects abstract wikipedia wikimedia commons wikinews wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from north atlantic treaty organization intergovernmental military alliance otan redirects here for other uses see nato disambiguation and otan disambiguation north atlantic treaty organization organisation du traité de l atlantique nord logo flag show globe show europe member states shown in dark green abbreviation nato otan formation 4 april 1949 77 years ago 1949 04 04 type military alliance headquarters brussels belgium members 32 states albania belgium bulgaria canada croatia czech republic denmark estonia finland france germany greece hungary iceland italy latvia lithuania luxembourg montenegro netherlands north macedonia norway poland portugal romania slovakia slovenia spain sweden turkey united kingdom united states official languages english french 1 2 secretary general mark rutte 3 chair of the nato military committee giuseppe cavo dragone supreme allied commander europe alexus grynkewich supreme allied commander transformation pierre vandier expenses total us 1 588 trillion excluding the us us 608 billion 4 2025 estimate website nato int anthem the nato hymn motto animus in consulendo liber the north atlantic treaty organization nato a is an intergovernmental military alliance between 32 member states thirty in europe and two in north america founded in the aftermath of world war ii nato was established with the signing of the north atlantic treaty in 1949 the organization serves as a system of collective security and deterrence whereby its independent members agree to defend each other from attack by any outside party this is enshrined in article 5 of the treaty which states that an armed attack against the territory of one member shall be considered an attack against them all throughout the cold war nato s primary purpose was to deter and counter the threat posed by the soviet union and its satellite states which formed the rival warsaw pact in 1955 following the dissolution of the soviet union in 1991 the alliance adapted nato undertook its first military intervention in the bosnian war 1992 1995 with a united nations mandate it enforced a no fly zone and defended un safe zones nato also intervened in the kosovo war in 1999 by bombing yugoslavia with the stated goal of ending the violence and repressive actions by the milošević government article 5 was invoked for the first and only time by the united states after the september 11 attacks leading to nato involvement in the war in afghanistan 2001 2014 as part of the international security assistance force isaf in 2011 nato intervened in the libyan civil war with a un mandate to enforce a no fly zone and protect civilians the alliance has since been involved in training iraq s military and countering piracy since the end of the cold war the alliance has accepted sixteen new members in europe nato recognizes bosnia and herzegovina ukraine and georgia as aspiring members russia nato relations had been co operative but became adversarial during vladimir putin s second presidency putin called nato s eastward enlargement a threat and opposes ukraine joining the alliance following the russian annexation of crimea in 2014 nato suspended co operation and deployed a tripwire force in the east the 2022 russian invasion of ukraine prompted nato to reinforce its eastern flank and send military aid to ukraine the invasion caused finland and sweden to join the alliance since the invasion russia has been accused of waging a hybrid conflict against nato since 2025 there has been internal crisis in nato due to threats made by the us a major contributing member against the sovereignty of fellow members canada and denmark nato members contribute to collective defense in two ways by funding their own defense and by helping to fund a shared budget for running the organization as a whole and maintaining joint facilities each member has committed to a target of spending at least 5 of their gross domestic product gdp on their own defense and security by 2035 5 while in 2026 the shared budget was around 5 billion split between all 32 members 6 as of 2026 the us spends the most overall on its defense norway spends the most per capita while poland and the baltic states spend the most as a share of gdp 7 the combined military spending of nato members makes up over half of the world total the combined militaries of all nato members include about 3 5 million soldiers and personnel nato s main headquarters are in brussels belgium while its military headquarters are near mons belgium history main article history of nato 20th century nato has its roots in the atlantic charter a 1941 agreement between the united states and united kingdom the charter laid out a framework for international cooperation without territorial expansion after world war ii 8 on 4 march 1947 the treaty of dunkirk was signed by france and the uk during the aftermath of world war ii and the start of the cold war as a treaty of alliance and mutual assistance in the event of possible attacks by germany in march 1948 this alliance was expanded in the treaty of brussels to include the benelux countries forming the brussels treaty organization commonly known as the western union 9 talks for a wider military alliance which could include north america also began that month in the us where their foreign policy under the truman doctrine set out in 1947 promoted international solidarity against actions they saw as communist aggression such as the february 1948 coup d état in czechoslovakia these talks resulted in the signature of the north atlantic treaty on 4 april 1949 by the member states of the western union and the us canada portugal italy norway denmark and iceland 10 canadian diplomat lester b pearson was a key author and drafter of the treaty 11 12 13 west germany joined nato in 1955 which led to the formation of the rival warsaw pact during the cold war the north atlantic treaty was largely dormant until the korean war initiated the establishment of nato to implement it with an integrated military structure this included the formation of supreme headquarters allied powers europe shape in 1951 which adopted many of the western union s military structures and plans 14 including their agreements on standardizing equipment and agreements on stationing foreign military forces in european countries in 1952 the post of secretary general of nato was established as the organization s chief civilian that year also saw the first major nato maritime exercises exercise mainbrace and the accession of greece and turkey to the organization 15 16 following the london and paris conferences west germany was permitted to rearm militarily as they joined nato in may 1955 which was in turn a major factor in the creation of the soviet dominated warsaw pact delineating the two opposing sides of the cold war 17 the building of the berlin wall in 1961 marked a height in cold war tensions when 400 000 us troops were stationed in europe 18 doubts over the strength of the relationship between the european states and the us ebbed and flowed along with doubts over the credibility of the nato defence against a prospective soviet invasion doubts that led to the development of the independent french nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of france from nato s military structure in 1966 19 20 in 1982 the newly democratic spain joined the alliance 21 the fall of the berlin wall in 1989 marked a turning point in nato s role in europe and a section of that wall is displayed outside nato headquarters the revolutions of 1989 in europe led to a strategic reevaluation of nato s purpose nature tasks and focus on the continent in october 1990 east germany became part of the federal republic of germany and the alliance and in november 1990 the alliance signed the treaty on conventional armed forces in europe cfe in paris with the soviet union it mandated specific military reductions across the continent which continued after the collapse of the warsaw pact in february 1991 and the dissolution of the soviet union that december which removed the de facto main adversaries of nato 22 this began a drawdown of military spending and equipment in europe the cfe treaty allowed signatories to remove 52 000 pieces of conventional armaments in the following sixteen years 23 and allowed military spending by nato s european members to decline by 28 percent from 1990 to 2015 24 in 1990 several western leaders gave assurances to mikhail gorbachev that nato would not expand further east as revealed by memoranda of private conversations 25 26 27 28 in a later interview gorbachev stated that an expansion of nato was not discussed at the time and that talks were about stationing nato troops in former east germany 29 in the 1990s the organization extended its activities into political and humanitarian situations that had not formerly been nato concerns 30 during the breakup of yugoslavia the organization conducted its first military interventions in bosnia from 1992 to 1995 and later yugoslavia in 1999 31 politically the organization sought better relations with the newly autonomous central and eastern european states and diplomatic forums for regional cooperation between nato and its neighbors were set up during this post cold war period including the partnership for peace and the mediterranean dialogue initiative in 1994 the euro atlantic partnership council in 1997 and the nato russia permanent joint council in 1998 at the 1999 washington summit hungary poland and the czech republic officially joined nato and the organization also issued new guidelines for membership with individualized membership action plans these plans governed the subsequent addition of new alliance members 32 21st century group photo at 75th anniversary summit in washington d c 2024 article 5 of the north atlantic treaty requiring member states to come to the aid of any member state subject to an armed attack was invoked for the only time after the september 11 attacks 33 after which troops were deployed to afghanistan under the nato led isaf the organization has operated a range of additional roles since then including sending trainers to iraq assisting in counter piracy operations 34 the election of french president nicolas sarkozy in 2007 led to a major reform of france s military position culminating with the return to full membership on 4 april 2009 which also included france rejoining the nato military command structure while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent 20 35 36 nato e 3a flying with us air force f 16s in a nato exercise the 2014 russian annexation of crimea led to strong condemnation by all nato members 37 and was one of the seven times that article 4 which calls for consultation among nato members has been invoked prior times included during the iraq war and syrian civil war 38 at the 2014 wales summit the leaders of nato s member states formally committed for the first time to spend the equivalent of at least two percent of their gross domestic products on defence by 2024 which had previously been only an informal guideline 39 steadfast defender 24 was the largest nato exercise since the end of the cold war at the 2016 warsaw summit nato countries agreed on the creation of nato enhanced forward presence which deployed four multinational battalion sized battlegroups in estonia latvia lithuania and poland 40 before and during the russo ukrainian war several nato countries sent ground troops warships and fighter aircraft to reinforce the alliance s eastern flank and multiple countries again invoked article 4 41 42 43 in march 2022 nato leaders met at brussels for an extraordinary summit which also involved group of seven and european union leaders 44 nato member states agreed to establish four additional battlegroups in bulgaria hungary romania and slovakia 40 and elements of the nato response force were activated for the first time in nato s history 45 as of june 2022 nato had deployed 40 000 troops along its 2 500 kilometre long 1 550 mi eastern flank to deter russian aggression more than half of this number have been deployed in bulgaria romania hungary slovakia and poland which five countries muster a considerable combined ex nato force of 259 000 troops to supplement bulgaria s air force spain sent eurofighter typhoons the netherlands sent eight f 35 attack aircraft and additional french and us attack aircraft would arrive soon as well 46 in 2025 germany stationed a full armoured brigade in lithuania 47 since us president donald trump s reelection in 2024 nato faced an unprecedented rift between the us and the majority of other nato members as the administration repeatedly threatened the sovereignty of two founding members canada and denmark in its reiterating proposals of canadian absorption to the us and in the greenland crisis respectively and in wider deterioration of us european union and canada us relations 48 49 in march 2026 trump called nato allies cowards for refusing calls to help reopen the strait of hormuz during the 2026 israeli us strikes on iran describing the alliance as a paper tiger and ineffective without the us 50 51 52 military operations main article list of nato operations early operations no military operations were conducted by nato during the cold war following the end of the cold war the first operations anchor guard in 1990 and ace guard in 1991 were prompted by the iraqi invasion of kuwait airborne early warning aircraft were sent 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