Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
history, united, basic, of, the, secondary, knowledge, pressure, states, principles, thermonuclear, weapon, contents, terminology, principle, compression, design, variations, public, notable, accidents, see, also, notes, references, further, reading, external, links, primary, and, stages, interstage, summary, radiation, foam, plasma, tamper, pusher, ablation, comparing, implosion, mechanisms, ivy, mike, ripple, w88, first, tests, soviet, union, kingdom, china, france, india, israel, north, korea, classification, unclassified, analyzing, fallout, us, department, energy, statements, progressive,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1071), and (306), #nuclear (148), bomb (139), that (135), was (128), from (110), thermonuclear (102), fusion (90), weapons (87), with (85), this (77), #design (76), fission (74), test (71), secondary (63), for (60), primary (59), retrieved (58), hydrogen (54), energy (52), not (48), are (48), radiation (47), teller (47), first (47), weapon (44), edit (44), stage (40), fuel (39), yield (38), may (37), which (37), united (36), ulam (36), have (36), information (34), tamper (34), been (33), has (31), states (30), pressure (30), september (29), bombs (29), were (29), warhead (29), france (28), had (28), used (28), more (28), about (27), one (27), north (27), india (27), secret (26), its (26), oclc (25), case (25), korea (25), such (25), would (25), new (24), material (24), but (24), china (24), also (24), october (23), 978 (23), isbn (23), tested (23), use (22), atomic (22), tests (22), scientists (22), soviet (22), high (22), most (22), foam (22), all (21), january (21), 2025 (21), plasma (21), history (21), november (21), when (21), their (21), than (21), archived (20), implosion (20), times (20), only (20), uranium (20), neutrons (20), articles (19), august (19), morland (19), issn (19), via (19), original (19), section (19), device (19), israel (18), lithium (18), neutron (18), how (18), other (17), march (17), 2017 (17), they (17), reaction (17), made (17), mike (17), pusher (17), doi (16), archive (16), press (16), any (16), february (16), could (16), these (16), 1966 (16), into (16), then (16), casing (16), layer (16), ivy (16), explosion (15), progressive (15), 2009 (15), his (15), 2021 (15), can (15), april (15), ablation (15), rays (15), article (15), british (15), known (15), fissile (15), large (15), small (15), deuteride (15), tritium (15), process (14), internet (14), after (14), during (14), project (14), operation (14), some (14), july (13), basic (13), development (13), 1998 (13), yields (13), detonated (13), 1967 (13), two (13), knowledge (13), compression (13), ray (13), references (12), december (12), 2016 (12), core (12), june (12), what (12), french (12), designs (12), needed (12), main (12), inside (12), configuration (11), many (11), bibcode (11), fallout (11), physics (11), 2013 (11), program (11), 1968 (11), mass (11), public (11), three (11), because (11), released (11), spark (11), government (11), warheads (11), idea (11), deuterium (11), sources (10), 2019 (10), university (10), lccn (10), 1080 (10), york (10), union (10), years (10), over (10), year (10), plutonium (10), shot (10), fogbank (10), remove (10), see (10), doe (10), kingdom (10), compress (10), there (10), plug (10), powerful (10), 300 (10), outer (10), megaton (10), proposed (10), multi (10), smaller (10), stages (10), gas (10), 238 (10), 235 (10), toggle (9), additional (9), 2015 (9), statements (9), testing (9), carey (9), sublette (9), american (9), missile (9), richard (9), explosives (9), thought (9), 2006 (9), published (9), former (9), possible (9), boosted (9), towards (9), 2024 (9), interstage (9), learn (9), before (9), fast (9), work (9), polystyrene (9), compressed (9), classified (9), though (9), enough (9), total (9), around (9), each (9), cake (9), scale (9), produced (9), wikipedia (8), page (8), citations (8), reliable (8), 2022 (8), limited (8), national (8), control (8), materials (8), inertial (8), declassified (8), 1979 (8), bulletin (8), security (8), 1999 (8), edward (8), however (8), department (8), successful (8), 2011 (8), research (8), largest (8), ever (8), between (8), castle (8), even (8), citation (8), missiles (8), reactions (8), second (8), mechanism (8), heated (8), surface (8), fissioning (8), using (7), non (7), 2026 (7), unsourced (7), short (7), confinement (7), focus (7), chain (7), science (7), scientific (7), scientist (7), making (7), rhodes (7), 1952 (7), 1954 (7), further (7), four (7), clean (7), air (7), force (7), 1958 (7), physicist (7), book (7), arms (7), magnitude (7), world (7), pokhran (7), like (7), countries (7), military (7), production (7), destruction (7), components (7), ripple (7), tsar (7), bomba (7), 1951 (7), early (7), message (7), explosive (7), unclassified (7), country (7), next (7), time (7), shakti (7), within (7), unlike (7), full (7), concept (7), rds (7), end (7), lead (7), efficient (7), causing (7), flux (7), reflector (7), velocity (7), subsection (7), policy (6), under (6), site (6), last (6), links (6), data (6), international (6), devices (6), burning (6), howard (6), ussr (6), well (6), principles (6), radioactive (6), 2007 (6), 2005 (6), while (6), 2001 (6), report (6), state (6), pakistan (6), ban (6), who (6), treaty (6), fact (6), indian (6), despite (6), special (6), based (6), manhattan (6), very (6), third (6), off (6), few (6), later (6), current (6), through (6), led (6), official (6), above (6), considered (6), created (6), create (6), improve (6), range (6), low (6), general (6), highly (6), tnt (6), source (6), ballistic (6), deployed (6), replaced (6), beginning (6), out (6), chinese (6), 639 (6), w88 (6), 1957 (6), thus (6), developed (6), does (6), sparkplug (6), principle (6), tertiary (6), natural (6), jacket (6), undergo (6), plastic (6), calculated (6), search (5), view (5), needing (5), multiple (5), issues (5), different (5), power (5), list (5), issue (5), race (5), faq (5), staged (5), version (5), 0096 (5), 3402 (5), 00963402 (5), 1995 (5), dark (5), sun (5), build (5), random (5), house (5), 2008 (5), following (5), news (5), war (5), george (5), born (5), present (5), william (5), effects (5), analysis (5), claims (5), arsenal (5), john (5), explosions (5), half (5), ctbto (5), canopus (5), 2010 (5), magazine (5), speculation (5), w76 (5), mirv (5), hansen (5), chuck (5), far (5), believed (5), fourth (5), part (5), talk (5), named (5), until (5), resulting (5), conventional (5), several (5), being (5), least (5), apparently (5), dropped (5), allowed (5), including (5), them (5), still (5), releases (5), details (5), similar (5), resulted (5), success (5), help (5), previous (5), estimate (5), less (5), relatively (5), although (5), south (5), 239 (5), carried (5), final (5), extremely (5), detonation (5), grapple (5), 1955 (5), sakharov (5), amount (5), heating (5), outside (5), single (5), compressing (5), usually (5), depleted (5), nuclei (5), firing (5), hot (5), contents (4), statement (4), code (4), available (4), commons (4), wayback (4), org (4), machine (4), europe (4), life (4), mirror (4), field (4), tokamak (4), obtained (4), digital (4), laboratory (4), 1991 (4), 2020 (4), super (4), simon (4), schuster (4), 1939 (4), 1996 (4), danger (4), crash (4), atom (4), might (4), post (4), 140 (4), developing (4), israeli (4), overview (4), said (4), fully (4), capability (4), worldwide (4), commission (4), www (4), garwin (4), comprehensive (4), espionage (4), encyclopedia (4), proliferation (4), pdf (4), today (4), russia (4), kristensen (4), hans (4), korda (4), matt (4), technical (4), generation (4), 1960 (4), primarily (4), failed (4), 100 (4), near (4), did (4), ideas (4), put (4), began (4), claimed (4), worked (4), detail (4), eventually (4), separate (4), igniting (4), allow (4), specifically (4), trigger (4), component (4), fissionable (4), channels (4), example (4), open (4), shaped (4), below (4), top (4), please (4), subject (4), 000 (4), 297 (4), widely (4), suggested (4), account (4), currently (4), enriched (4), submarines (4), submarine (4), operational (4), capable (4), m51 (4), place (4), same (4), atoll (4), yielding (4), make (4), carayol (4), knew (4), allowing (4), practical (4), much (4), approximately (4), soviets (4), direct (4), sloika (4), layers (4), along (4), extreme (4), gamma (4), inwards (4), called (4), compresses (4), heavy (4), variations (4), evenly (4), form (4), sequence (4), diagram (4), becomes (4), emits (4), exerted (4), undergoes (4), lens (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), safety (3), terms (3), you (3), wikimedia (3), link (3), cs1 (3), covered (3), cleanup (3), service (3), lacking (3), description (3), wikidata (3), yale (3), facility (3), laser (3), asia (3), long (3), path (3), americas (3), reversed (3), magnetic (3), experiments (3), metal (3), driven (3), liner (3), spherical (3), alpha (3), type (3), processes (3), studies (3), designers (3), interviews (3), engineering (3), matter (3), media (3), related (3), external (3), eissn (3), global (3), analyzing (3), defense (3), series (3), 1956 (3), historical (3), light (3), 1988 (3), reading (3), clear (3), 500 (3), ice (3), stated (3), documents (3), bbc (3), act (3), complete (3), recovered (3), greenland (3), cold (3), lost (3), assessment (3), 1981 (3), revealed (3), broad (3), cite (3), revised (3), lee (3), washington (3), says (3), usgs (3), min (3), npt (3), real (3), santhanam (3), chidambaram (3), burns (3), 0362 (3), 4331 (3), anxiety (3), experts (3), confirm (3), doing (3), asked (3), given (3), deterrence (3), preparatory (3), debate (3), technology (3), release (3), strategic (3), questions (3), center (3), replacement (3), publications (3), deal (3), los (3), alamos (3), institute (3), detonations (3), hydrodynamic (3), lenses (3), russian (3), reason (3), transferred (3), provided (3), term (3), bravo (3), greenhouse (3), attempting (3), fire (3), occurred (3), months (3), kilometres (3), island (3), accidents (3), correct (3), degree (3), understood (3), simple (3), alone (3), forward (3), censor (3), complicated (3), became (3), claim (3), another (3), changes (3), him (3), concluded (3), kept (3), argued (3), likely (3), injunction (3), came (3), onto (3), often (3), latter (3), referred (3), whether (3), transfer (3), ignite (3), secondaries (3), channel (3), filler (3), will (3), w80 (3), consistent (3), outlined (3), acknowledge (3), classification (3), detailed (3), disputed (3), cases (3), according (3), discuss (3), challenged (3), removed (3), adding (3), reported (3), equivalent (3), seismic (3), kilotons (3), 900 (3), took (3), finally (3), higher (3), level (3), get (3), lower (3), expected (3), kilotonnes (3), launched (3), relies (3), armed (3), greater (3), class (3), proposal (3), gaulle (3), due (3), contribution (3), almost (3), density (3), crucial (3), analogue (3), become (3), set (3), 1965 (3), assumed (3), initial (3), 629 (3), 596l (3), ended (3), plant (3), orange (3), herald (3), instead (3), yielded (3), produce (3), point (3), providing (3), 1953 (3), bombarded (3), achieved (3), staging (3), 400 (3), 1949 (3), dubbed (3), wrapped (3), chemical (3), liquid (3), fit (3), diameter (3), weight (3), fraction (3), burn (3), hohlraum (3), africa (3), properties (3), away (3), megatons (3), ablate (3), order (3), area (3), per (3), 210 (3), terminology (3), reflect (3), either (3), efficiency (3), recoil (3), outwards (3), tpa (3), comparing (3), mechanisms (3), seen (3), expansion (3), ablating (3), thermal (3), temperature (3), rest (3), momentum (3), starts (3), expanding (3), omitted (3), produces (3), begins (3), temperatures (3), supercritical (3), independently (3), electromagnetic (3), events (3), summary (3), toxic (3), gun (3), column (3), five (3), recognized (3), tools (3), languages (2), table (2), legal (2), contact (2), privacy (2), inc (2), rendered (2), categories (2), portuguese (2), wikiproject (2), wikify (2), maint (2), deprecated (2), archival (2), secrecy (2), https (2), republic (2), iter (2), beam (2), iii (2), nova (2), magneto (2), polaris (2), colliding (2), zeta (2), pinch (2), levitated (2), dipole (2), uragan (2), wendelstein (2), oceania (2), model (2), stellarator (2), start (2), magnetized (2), target (2), dense (2), proton (2), helium (2), cycle (2), reactor (2), topics (2), film (2), lawrence (2), livermore (2), peter (2), trinity (2), working (2), paper (2), annotated (2), bibliography (2), alsos (2), library (2), got (2), why (2), telling (2), entire (2), includes (2), discovered (2), superbomb (2), transcripts (2), elements (2), 1993 (2), khariton (2), 0892 (2), 9882 (2), younger (2), stephen (2), 24318509m (2), 310470696 (2), 0061537196 (2), harpercollins (2), 28729278m (2), 1164620354 (2), 1501745164 (2), cornell (2), organizational (2), conflict (2), schilling (2), warner (2), young (2), ken (2), vol (2), star (2), princeton (2), oppenheimer (2), moral (2), holloway (2), david (2), 1994 (2), 1084400m (2), 470165274 (2), 0300060560 (2), stalin (2), background (2), 1063 (2), decision (2), 27757627 (2), physical (2), 24963545m (2), 610771749 (2), 89040089 (2), 0394522784 (2), survival (2), choices (2), fifty (2), bundy (2), mcgeorge (2), 2nd (2), google (2), books (2), jon (2), mission (2), recover (2), million (2), technically (2), true (2), none (2), left (2), bomber (2), plane (2), npr (2), savannah (2), marsh (2), gerald (2), exploded (2), restricted (2), declassification (2), 1946 (2), trouble (2), runs (2), jeffrey (2), wonk (2), punggye (2), satellite (2), imagery (2), portal (2), norsar (2), intelligence (2), kiloton (2), advanced (2), 2023 (2), perfect (2), detonate (2), 2000 (2), hungarian (2), academy (2), 2012 (2), means (2), columbia (2), foreign (2), doctrine (2), credible (2), trust (2), chief (2), kakodkar (2), khan (2), billaud (2), pierre (2), review (2), story (2), behind (2), chairman (2), committee (2), concerns (2), people (2), spies (2), advance (2), com (2), 于敏构型 (2), zhang (2), hui (2), w47 (2), armageddon (2), building (2), nature (2), wen (2), trident (2), 2004 (2), 1997 (2), frequently (2), 1976 (2), slbm (2), greenpeace (2), figure (2), download (2), since (2), 1945 (2), mit (2), 1531 (2), 1162 (2), investigation (2), 1961 (2), pakistani (2), korean (2), 271 (2), 80d (2), 2022buats (2), key (2), 148 (2), heterocatalytic (2), mirrors (2), stanislaw (2), gsponer (2), andre (2), independent (2), isri (2), arxiv (2), clever (2), refer (2), nation (2), trying (2), detected (2), contains (2), rudimentary (2), already (2), wide (2), product (2), rely (2), notes (2), separation (2), 52g (2), extensive (2), contamination (2), involved (2), upon (2), palomares (2), coast (2), collision (2), maintains (2), contain (2), bottom (2), tybee (2), notable (2), approach (2), provides (2), ability (2), manufacture (2), basis (2), variety (2), earlier (2), own (2), suggesting (2), medium (2), rather (2), trial (2), describing (2), derived (2), itself (2), encourage (2), points (2), felt (2), attempted (2), decided (2), remaining (2), question (2), aware (2), interpretation (2), types (2), document (2), contained (2), containing (2), unspecified (2), elaboration (2), substance (2), photographs (2), size (2), quantities (2), vague (2), officially (2), leaked (2), descriptions (2), fields (2), generally (2), mostly (2), continues (2), supposed (2), virtually (2), potentially (2), number (2), prior (2), orders (2), ford (2), personal (2), examples (2), perspectives (2), appropriate (2), represent (2), needs (2), conducted (2), uncertainty (2), excess (2), metres (2), 250 (2), 290 (2), geological (2), speculated (2), develop (2), successfully (2), matters (2), 1964 (2), six (2), visits (2), where (2), theoretical (2), cia (2), receiving (2), confirmed (2), reportedly (2), possess (2), remains (2), among (2), community (2), director (2), should (2), seismologist (2), announced (2), properly (2), differences (2), sites (2), having (2), close (2), village (2), ensure (2), significant (2), significantly (2), various (2), 190 (2), harold (2), designed (2), critical (2), unreliable (2), must (2), carrying (2), bases (2), aircraft (2), intended (2), mirage (2), triomphant (2), bombers (2), 1963 (2), signed (2), space (2), major (2), powers (2), shots (2), 450 (2), influenced (2), cook (2), solution (2), proceed (2), done (2), prime (2), minister (2), accession (2), communities (2), programme (2), closely (2), li6d (2), central (2), mid (2), twenty (2), fold (2), increase (2), michel (2), rigel (2), compared (2), colleagues (2), 1948 (2), computers (2), late (2), literature (2), distinct (2), together (2), unclear (2), backup (2), 658 (2), against (2), peng (2), huanwu (2), cultural (2), revolution (2), 596 (2), facilities (2), extensively (2), investigated (2), too (2), nonetheless (2), plans (2), realized (2), flaw (2), slow (2), ten (2), becoming (2), britain (2), agreed (2), continuing (2), access (2), mutual (2), agreement (2), simpler (2), granite (2), prototype (2), 720 (2), americans (2), evidence (2), aldermaston (2), achieve (2), ginzburg (2), course (2), free (2), breakthrough (2), massive (2), 700 (2), whose (2), arbitrarily (2), multiply (2), modern (2), additionally (2), whole (2), imploded (2), built (2), shifted (2), mirved (2), kilograms (2), raised (2), assigned (2), task (2), extra (2), tons (2), sausage (2), enewetak (2), workable (2), assembly (2), fermi (2), inherent (2), advantage (2), 1941 (2), little (2), unconfirmed (2), chagai (2), item (2), specially (2), shape (2), egg (2), yet (2), deliver (2), improves (2), 750 (2), volume (2), icbms (2), minuteman (2), replacing (2), surrounded (2), thin (2), name (2), featured (2), fizzle (2), internal (2), theories (2), hardened (2), targets (2), spread (2), unit (2), cruise (2), continued (2), arbitrary (2), normally (2), without (2), complex (2), better (2), 192 (2), 193 (2), those (2), publicly (2), b41 (2), travel (2), expensive (2), require (2), minimum (2), whereas (2), delay (2), impulse (2), purpose (2), causes (2), indicate (2), distributed (2), pressures (2), absorption (2), 530 (2), calculations (2), pascals (2), billion (2), bars (2), effect (2), fireball (2), now (2), pushing (2), run (2), completion (2), pit (2), tremendous (2), absorbed (2), scattered (2), irradiating (2), amounts (2), products (2), surrounding (2), characteristics (2), bar (2), intensities (2), best (2), simplified (2), impurity (2), old (2), acetonitrile (2), rrw (2), brittle (2), carriage (2), guns (2), here (2), arranged (2), shown (2), include (2), refers (2), typically (2), gases (2), right (2), hollow (2), standard (2), consists (2), theoretically (2), derive (2), ukraine (2), kazakhstan (2), belarus (2), opposition (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), log (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statistics, developers, conduct, contacts, disclaimers, text, apply, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, foundation, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, category, locally, defined, language, duplicate, maintenance, 2014, centric, geographic, scope, webarchive, template, dmy, dates, index, php, title, thermonuclear_weapon, oldid, 1373837259, lux, czech, japan, bnf, gnd, authority, databases, neutral, irradiation, pacer, vulcan, iskra, luli2000, lmj, asterix, pals, hiper, gekko, xii, shiva, omega, nike, nif, janus, cyclops, argus, engine, frx, frchx, linus, spector, tmx, mftf, lockheed, martin, cfr, astron, gdt, trisops, grande, venti, trenta, norman, pfrc, norm, mst, rfx, rfp, perhapsatron, sceptre, ldx, marsden, wega, lhd, heliotron, 1nf, ncsx, hsx, hidra, cth, cnt, scr, step, mast, tcv, isttok, ignitor, ftu, dtt, textor, asdex, upgrade, west, tfr, golem, compass, jet, kstar, glast, quest, sst, aditya, sunist, hh70, east, cfetr, novillo, tcabr, ete, sspx, riggatron, pegasus, tftr, plt, nstx, ltx, electric, diii, sparc, arc, alcator, mod, stor, varennes, proto, demo, pyroelectric, muon, catalyzed, lattice, migma, forms, polywell, fusor, electrostatic, ion, bubble, acoustic, toroidal, solenoid, dynomak, spheromak, theta, bumpy, torus, silicon, oxygen, neon, carbon, remnants, flash, cno, triple, gravitational, methods, magnetohydrodynamics, lawson, criterion, gain, factor, nucleus, aneutronic, companies, technologies, timeline, youtube, playlist, converting, scans, documentary, 2018, kuran, beyond, southampton, mountbatten, centre, no5, online, slides, historians, pbs, hydrodynamics, nuclearweaponarchive, smirnov, yuri, rothstein, linda, leskov, sergei, 470268256, 48034039, 1938, 3282, 11456341, 1993buats, 49d, 20k, yuli, geer, lars, erik, signature, 363, 15307789, 08929889108426372, 1991s, 351d, 351, 281, 0036, 8733, infamy, honor, café, father, wars, regrets, contentious, career, stix, gary, 7757230m, 868971191, 0691127859, shadow, bethe, responsibility, schweber, silvan, 7720934m, 717414304, 0684804002, programmes, 1044, 250861572, s2cid, 36334507, 93646146, 7869, 1468, 4780, 1070, pu1996v039n10abeh000174, 1996phyu, 1033g, 1033, uspekhi, goncharov, german, 1989, 347, jstor, 1811, 182x, 2307, 267, biological, sciences, bernstein, barton, galison, degroot, gerard, 7671320m, 57750742, 0674017245, harvard, barroso, dalton, livraria, física, 30689359m, 733273749, 8578610166, fisica, dos, explosivos, nucleares, swaine, painstaking, thousands, pieces, gallons, pentagon, onboard, destroyed, freedom, disclosed, remained, 49632006, 0307, 1235, daily, telegraph, fox, ago, ill, danes, seeking, compensation, der, spiegel, missing, guardian, spanish, watery, grave, recovery, accident, counterproliferation, agency, volpi, alexander, stanford, 7311029m, 558172005, 0080259956, pergamon, postol, ted, 4094494m, 7196781, 80006032, 0394512976, decisions, greene, jes, business, insider, afoul, lewis, sar, image, shows, activity, alternate, tunnel, areas, informed, web, michelle, hee, twice, strong, panda, ankit, diplomat, sixth, reuters, conducts, met, scepticism, ene, sungjibaegam, kang, seung, woo, chung, uck, kim, kyu, won, hankyoreh, gábor, palló, phenomenon, 3427490m, 892937053, 2005051689, 0743265942, basement, went, karpin, michael, chapter, battle, 344440m, 42330721, 98003402, 0585041506, cohen, avner, 1567229m, 1159416022, 91052678, 0394570068, samson, option, hersh, seymour, fas, samdani, zafar, dawn, frontline, adequate, database, designing, deterrent, nsa, disagrees, pti, hindu, aec, backs, nukes, 200kt, architect, bureau, anil, way, effectively, stronger, munir, ahmad, pib, nic, sets, blasts, defying, bring, sharp, outcry, verification, regime, threat, initiative, journé, venance, 372, 1073, 6700, 10736700802117361, 353, nonproliferation, chaotic, unsupported, esp, prc, theft, christopher, cox, representatives, select, commercial, versus, sweat, takungpao, 全球氢弹仅两种, 是其一, _大公网, 08929882, 566469, 2011s, 68z, heu, stocks, gaulkin, thomas, jpg, photograph, fighting, hid, museum, ieee, spectrum, finkbeiner, ann, 8065, 1097, 1038, d41586, 025, 01573, 641, obituary, designer, advocated, organisation, website, gov, office, historian, 684, 80400, stober, dan, hoffman, ian, 7927314m, 2001054945, 0743223782, convenient, spy, politics, harvey, michalowski, stefan, 288, 08929889408426405, 1994s, 261h, croddy, eric, wirtz, james, larsen, ear, eds, abc, clio, 8969957m, 941444356, 1851094905, publishing, company, 26140529m, 496957934, 9814295901, ways, ignition, winterberg, friedwardt, systems, schumann, anna, sheet, depicts, absorbs, radiates, 1374, cardozo, law, drawing, nnsa
Text of the page (random words):
panding hot gases from high explosive charges that implode the primary 2 superheated plasma that was originally the bomb s fissile material and its tamper 3 the electromagnetic radiation and 4 the neutrons from the primary s nuclear detonation the interstage is responsible for accurately modulating the transfer of energy from the primary to the secondary it must direct the hot gases plasma electromagnetic radiation and neutrons toward the right place at the right time less than optimal interstage designs have resulted in the secondary failing to work entirely on multiple shots known as a fissile fizzle the castle koon shot of operation castle is a good example a small flaw allowed the neutron flux from the primary to prematurely begin heating the secondary weakening the compression enough to prevent any fusion a classified paper by teller and ulam on 9 march 1951 on heterocatalytic detonations i hydrodynamic lenses and radiation mirrors in which they proposed their revolutionary staged implosion idea this declassified version is extensively redacted there is very little detailed information in the open literature about the mechanism of the interstage one of the best sources is a simplified diagram of a british thermonuclear weapon similar to the american w80 warhead it was released by greenpeace in a report titled dual use nuclear technology 23 the major components and their arrangement are in the diagram though details are almost absent what scattered details it does include likely have intentional omissions or inaccuracies they are labeled end cap and neutron focus lens and reflector wrap the former channels neutrons to the 235 u 239 pu spark plug while the latter refers to an x ray reflector typically a cylinder made of an x ray opaque material such as uranium with the primary and secondary at either end it does not reflect like a mirror instead it gets heated to a high temperature by the x ray flux from the primary then it emits more evenly spread x rays that travel to the secondary causing what is known as radiation implosion in ivy mike gold was used as a coating over the uranium to enhance the blackbody effect 24 next comes the reflector neutron gun carriage the reflector seals the gap between the neutron focus lens in the center and the outer casing near the primary it separates the primary from the secondary and performs the same function as the previous reflector there are about six neutron guns seen here from sandia national laboratories 25 each protruding through the outer edge of the reflector with one end in each section all are clamped to the carriage and arranged more or less evenly around the casing s circumference the neutron guns are tilted so the neutron emitting end of each gun end is pointed towards the central axis of the bomb neutrons from each neutron gun pass through and are focused by the neutron focus lens towards the center of primary in order to boost the initial fissioning of the plutonium a polystyrene polarizer plasma source is also shown see below the first us government document to mention the interstage was only recently released to the public promoting the 2004 initiation of the reliable replacement warhead rrw program a graphic includes blurbs describing the potential advantage of a rrw on a part by part level with the interstage blurb saying a new design would replace toxic brittle material and expensive special material that require unique facilities 26 the toxic brittle material is widely assumed to be beryllium which fits that description and would also moderate the neutron flux from the primary some material to absorb and re radiate the x rays in a particular manner may also be used 27 candidates for the special material are polystyrene and a substance called fogbank an unclassified codename fogbank s composition is classified though aerogel has been suggested as a possibility it was first used in thermonuclear weapons with the w76 thermonuclear warhead and produced at a plant in the y 12 complex at oak ridge tennessee for use in the w76 production of fogbank lapsed after the w76 production run ended the w76 life extension program required more fogbank to be made this was complicated by the fact that the original fogbank s properties were not fully documented so a massive effort was mounted to re invent the process an impurity crucial to the properties of the old fogbank was omitted during the new process only close analysis of new and old batches revealed the nature of that impurity the manufacturing process used acetonitrile as a solvent which led to at least three evacuations of the fogbank plant in 2006 widely used in the petroleum and pharmaceutical industries acetonitrile is flammable and toxic y 12 is the sole producer of fogbank 28 summary edit a simplified summary of the above explanation is a relatively small fission bomb known as the primary explodes energy released in the primary is transferred to the secondary or fusion stage this energy compresses the fusion fuel and sparkplug the compressed sparkplug becomes supercritical and undergoes a fission chain reaction further heating the compressed fusion fuel to a high enough temperature to induce fusion energy released by the fusion events continues heating the fuel keeping the reaction going the fusion fuel of the secondary stage may be surrounded by a layer of additional fuel that undergoes fission when hit by the neutrons from the reactions within these fission events account for about half of the total energy released in typical designs compression of the secondary edit how exactly the energy is transported from the primary to the secondary has been the subject of some disagreement in the open press but is thought to be transmitted through the x rays and gamma rays that are emitted from the fissioning primary this energy is then used to compress the secondary the crucial detail of how the x rays create the pressure is the main remaining disputed point in the unclassified press there are three proposed theories radiation pressure exerted by the x rays this was the first idea put forth by howard morland in an article in the progressive plasma pressure exerted by the x ray ionized channel filler a polystyrene or plastic foam or fogbank this was a second idea put forward by chuck hansen and later by howard morland ablation pressure exerted by the tamper pusher this is the concept best supported by physical analysis radiation pressure edit the radiation pressure exerted by the large quantity of x ray photons inside the closed casing might be enough to compress the secondary electromagnetic radiation such as x rays or light carries momentum and exerts a force on any surface it strikes the pressure of radiation at the intensities seen in everyday life such as sunlight striking a surface is usually imperceptible but at the extreme intensities found in a thermonuclear bomb the pressure is enormous for two thermonuclear bombs for which the general size and primary characteristics are well understood the ivy mike test bomb and the modern w 80 cruise missile warhead variant of the w 61 design the radiation pressure was calculated to be 73 10 6 bar 7 3 tpa for the ivy mike design and 1 400 10 6 bar 140 tpa for the w 80 29 foam plasma pressure edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed august 2026 learn how and when to remove this message foam plasma pressure is the concept that chuck hansen introduced and published independently during the course of the progressive case based on research that located declassified documents listing special foams as liner components within the radiation case of thermonuclear weapons 30 31 the sequence of firing the weapon with the foam would be as follows the high explosives surrounding the core of the primary fire compressing the fissile material into a supercritical state and beginning the fission chain reaction 32 the fissioning primary emits thermal x rays which reflect along the inside of the casing irradiating the polystyrene foam 32 the irradiated foam becomes a hot plasma pushing against the tamper of the secondary compressing it tightly and beginning the fission chain reaction in the spark plug 32 pushed from both sides from the primary and the spark plug the lithium deuteride fuel is highly compressed and heated to thermonuclear temperatures also by being bombarded with neutrons each lithium 6 6 li atom splits into one tritium atom and one alpha particle then begins a fusion reaction between the tritium and the deuterium releasing even more neutrons and a huge amount of energy the fuel undergoing the fusion reaction emits a large flux of high energy neutrons 14 mev 2 2 pj which irradiates the 238 u tamper or the 238 u bomb casing causing it to undergo a fast fission reaction providing about half of the total energy this would complete the fission fusion fission sequence fusion unlike fission is relatively clean it releases energy but no harmful radioactive products or large amounts of nuclear fallout the fission reactions though especially the last fission reactions release a tremendous amount of fission products and fallout if the last fission stage is omitted by replacing the uranium tamper with one made of lead for example the overall explosive force is reduced by approximately half but the amount of fallout is relatively low the neutron bomb is a hydrogen bomb with an intentionally thin tamper allowing as many of the fast fusion neutrons as possible to escape foam plasma mechanism firing sequence warhead before firing primary fission bomb at top secondary fusion fuel at bottom all suspended in polystyrene foam high explosive fires in primary compressing plutonium core into supercriticality and beginning a fission reaction fission primary emits x rays that are scattered along the inside of the casing irradiating the polystyrene foam polystyrene foam becomes plasma compressing secondary and plutonium sparkplug begins to fission compressed and heated lithium 6 deuteride fuel produces tritium 3 h and begins the fusion reaction the neutron flux produced causes the 238 u tamper to fission a fireball starts to form current technical criticisms of the idea of foam plasma pressure focus on unclassified analysis from similar high energy physics fields that indicate that the pressure produced by such a plasma would only be a small multiplier of the basic photon pressure within the radiation case and also that the known foam materials intrinsically have a very low absorption efficiency of the gamma ray and x ray radiation from the primary most of the energy produced would be absorbed by either the walls of the radiation case or the tamper around the secondary analyzing the effects of that absorbed energy led to the third mechanism ablation tamper pusher ablation edit the outer casing of the secondary assembly is called the tamper pusher the purpose of a tamper in an implosion bomb is to delay the expansion of the reacting fuel supply which is very hot dense plasma until the fuel is fully consumed and the explosion runs to completion the same tamper material serves also as a pusher in that it is the medium by which the outside pressure force acting on the surface area of the secondary is transferred to the mass of fusion fuel the proposed tamper pusher ablation mechanism posits that the outer layers of the thermonuclear secondary s tamper pusher are heated so extremely by the primary s x ray flux that they expand violently and ablate away fly off because total momentum is conserved this mass of high velocity ejecta impels the rest of the tamper pusher to recoil inwards with tremendous force crushing the fusion fuel and the spark plug the tamper pusher is built robustly enough to insulate the fusion fuel from the extreme heat outside otherwise the compression would be spoiled ablation mechanism firing sequence warhead before firing the nested spheres at the top are the fission primary the cylinders below are the fusion secondary device fission primary s explosives have detonated and collapsed the primary s fissile pit the primary s fission reaction has run to completion and the primary is now at several million degrees and radiating gamma and hard x rays heating up the inside of the hohlraum and the shield and secondary s tamper the primary s reaction is over and it has expanded the surface of the pusher for the secondary is now so hot that it is also ablating or expanding away pushing the rest of the secondary tamper fusion fuel and fissile spark plug inwards the spark plug starts to fission not depicted the radiation case is also ablating and expanding outwards omitted for clarity of diagram the secondary s fuel has started the fusion reaction and shortly will burn up a fireball starts to form rough calculations for the basic ablation effect are relatively simple the energy from the primary is distributed evenly onto all of the surfaces within the outer radiation case with the components coming to a thermal equilibrium and the effects of that thermal energy are then analyzed the energy is mostly deposited within about one x ray optical thickness of the tamper pusher outer surface and the temperature of that layer can then be calculated the velocity at which the surface then expands outwards is calculated and from a basic newtonian momentum balance the velocity at which the rest of the tamper implodes inwards applying the more detailed form of those calculations to the ivy mike device yields vaporized pusher gas expansion velocity of 290 kilometres per second 29 cm μs and an implosion velocity of perhaps 400 km s 40 cm μs if 3 4 of the total tamper pusher mass is ablated off the most energy efficient proportion for the w 80 the gas expansion velocity is roughly 410 km s 41 cm μs and the implosion velocity 570 km s 57 cm μs the pressure due to the ablating material is calculated to be 5 3 billion bars 530 trillion pascals in the ivy mike device and 64 billion bars 6 4 quadrillion pascals in the w 80 device 29 comparing implosion mechanisms edit comparing the three mechanisms proposed it can be seen that mechanism pressure tpa ivy mike w80 radiation pressure 7 3 140 plasma pressure 35 750 ablation pressure 530 6400 the calculated ablation pressure is one order of magnitude greater than the higher proposed plasma pressures and nearly two orders of magnitude greater than calculated radiation pressure no mechanism to avoid the absorption of energy into the radiation case wall and the secondary tamper has been suggested making ablation apparently unavoidable united states department of defense official declassification reports indicate that foamed plastic materials are or may be used in radiation case liners and despite the low direct plasma pressure they may be of use in delaying the ablation until energy has distributed evenly and a sufficient fraction has reached the second...
|
