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was then known from an extended os 2 api to an extended windows api this decision caused tension between microsoft and ibm and the collaboration ultimately fell apart ibm continued os 2 development alone while microsoft continued work on the newly renamed windows nt though neither operating system would immediately be as popular as microsoft s ms dos or windows products windows nt would eventually be far more successful than os 2 microsoft hired a group of developers from digital equipment corporation led by dave cutler to build windows nt and many elements of the design reflect earlier dec experience with cutler s vms 34 vaxeln and rsx 11 but also an unreleased object based operating system developed by cutler at digital codenamed mica 35 the team was joined by selected members of the disbanded os 2 team including moshe dunie 17 windows 2000 architecture although nt was not an exact clone of cutler s previous operating systems dec engineers almost immediately noticed the internal similarities parts of vax vms internals and data structures published by digital press accurately describe windows nt internals using vms terms furthermore parts of the nt codebase s directory structure and filenames matched that of the mica codebase 17 instead of a lawsuit microsoft agreed to pay dec 65 100 million help market vms train digital personnel on windows nt and continue windows nt support for the dec alpha 34 windows nt and vms memory management processes and scheduling are very similar windows nt s process management differs by implementing threading which dec did not implement until vms 7 0 in 1995 like vms 34 windows nt s kernel mode code distinguishes between the kernel whose primary purpose is to implement processor and architecture dependent functions and the executive this was designed as a modified microkernel as the windows nt kernel was influenced by the mach microkernel developed by richard rashid at carnegie mellon university 36 but does not meet all of the criteria of a pure microkernel both the kernel and the executive are linked together into the single loaded module ntoskrnl exe from outside this module there is little distinction between the kernel and the executive routines from each are directly accessible as for example from kernel mode device drivers api sets in the windows nt family are implemented as subsystems atop the publicly undocumented native api this allowed the late adoption of the windows api into the win32 subsystem windows nt was one of the earliest operating systems to use ucs 2 and utf 16 internally citation needed architecture edit main article architecture of windows nt windows nt uses a layered design architecture that consists of two main components user mode and kernel mode programs and subsystems in user mode are limited in terms of what system resources they have access to while the kernel mode has unrestricted access to the system memory and external devices kernel mode in windows nt has full access to the hardware and system resources of the computer the windows nt kernel is a hybrid kernel the architecture comprises a simple kernel hardware abstraction layer hal drivers and a range of services collectively named executive which all exist in kernel mode 37 the booting process of windows nt begins with ntldr in versions before vista and the windows boot manager in vista and later 38 the boot loader is responsible for accessing the file system on the boot drive starting the kernel and loading boot time device drivers into memory once all the boot and system drivers have been loaded the kernel starts the session manager subsystem this process launches winlogon which allows the user to log in once the user is logged in file explorer is started loading the graphical user interface of windows nt programming language edit windows nt is written in c and c with a very small amount written in assembly language 39 c is mostly used for the kernel code while c is mostly used for user mode code assembly language is avoided where possible because it would impede portability 40 and its usage is limited to just the most performance critical portions e g trap handlers interrupt dispatch system call stubs context switching hal low level routines of the codebase 41 42 releases edit see also list of microsoft windows versions the following are the releases of windows based on the windows nt technology windows nt releases version marketing name editions release date build number 3 1 windows nt 3 1 workstation advanced server july 27 1993 528 3 5 windows nt 3 5 workstation server september 21 1994 807 3 51 windows nt 3 51 may 30 1995 1057 4 0 windows nt 4 0 workstation server enterprise server terminal server embedded august 24 1996 1381 5 0 43 windows 2000 professional server advanced server february 17 2000 2195 datacenter server september 26 2000 5 1 43 windows xp home professional 64 bit edition version 2002 ia 64 media center tablet pc starter embedded home n professional n october 25 2001 2600 windows fundamentals for legacy pcs n a july 8 2006 5 2 43 windows xp 64 bit edition version 2003 ia 64 44 march 28 2003 3790 windows server 2003 standard enterprise datacenter web storage small business server compute cluster april 24 2003 windows xp professional x64 edition x86 64 april 25 2005 windows server 2003 r2 standard enterprise datacenter web storage small business server compute cluster march 5 2006 windows home server n a november 4 2007 6 0 43 windows vista starter home basic home premium business enterprise ultimate business november 30 2006 consumer january 30 2007 6000 rtm 6001 sp1 6002 sp2 6003 sp2 update b windows server 2008 foundation standard enterprise datacenter web server hpc server itanium based systems 45 february 27 2008 6001 rtm 6002 sp2 6003 sp2 update 46 6 1 43 windows 7 starter home basic home premium professional enterprise ultimate 47 october 22 2009 48 7600 rtm 7601 sp1 windows server 2008 r2 foundation standard enterprise datacenter web server hpc server itanium based systems windows home server 2011 home server premium april 6 2011 7601 windows thin pc n a june 6 2011 6 2 43 windows 8 49 core pro enterprise rt 50 october 26 2012 51 9200 windows server 2012 52 foundation essentials standard datacenter 53 september 4 2012 6 3 43 windows 8 1 core pro enterprise rt embedded industry pro enterprise october 17 2013 9600 54 windows server 2012 r2 foundation essentials standard datacenter 10 0 43 55 windows 10 home single language home china home pro pro education pro for workstations 56 enterprise education s iot core mobile mobile enterprise 57 58 july 29 2015 10240 rtm 10586 1511 14393 1607 15063 1703 16299 1709 17134 1803 17763 1809 18362 1903 18363 1909 19041 2004 19042 20h2 19043 21h1 19044 21h2 19045 22h2 windows server 2016 essentials standard datacenter multipoint premium server storage server hyper v server september 26 2016 14393 windows server 2019 essentials standard datacenter multipoint premium server hyper v server october 2 2018 17763 windows server 2022 august 18 2021 59 20348 windows 11 home single language home china home pro education pro education pro for workstations enterprise iot enterprise se october 5 2021 60 22000 rtm 22621 22h2 22631 23h2 26100 24h2 26200 25h2 28000 26h1 26300 26h2 windows server 2025 essentials standard datacenter multipoint premium server hyper v server november 1 2024 26100 windows nt 3 1 to 3 51 incorporated the program manager and file manager from the windows 3 1 series windows nt 4 0 onwards replaced those programs with windows explorer including a taskbar and start menu which originally appeared in windows 95 the first release was given version number 3 1 to match the contemporary 16 bit windows magazines of that era claimed the number was also used to make that version seem more reliable than a 0 release also the novell ipx protocol was apparently licensed only to 3 1 versions of windows software citation needed the nt version number is not now generally used for marketing purposes but is still used internally and said to reflect the degree of changes to the core of the operating system 61 however for application compatibility reasons microsoft kept the major version number as 6 in releases following vista 62 but changed it later to 10 in windows 10 55 the build number is an internal identifier used by microsoft s developers and beta testers starting with windows 8 1 microsoft changed the version api helper functions behavior if an application is not manifested for windows 8 1 or later the api will always return version 6 2 which is the version number of windows 8 63 64 this is because the manifest feature was introduced with windows 8 1 65 to replace getversion and related functions 66 supported platforms edit 32 bit platforms edit in order to prevent intel x86 specific code from slipping into the operating system due to developers being used to developing on x86 chips windows nt 3 1 was initially developed using non x86 development systems and then ported to the x86 architecture this work was initially based on the intel i860 based dazzle system and later the mips r3000 based jazz platform both systems were designed internally at microsoft 67 windows nt 3 1 was released for intel x86 pc compatible and pc 98 platforms and for dec alpha and arc compliant mips platforms windows nt 3 51 added support for the powerpc processor in 1995 specifically prep compliant systems such as the ibm thinkpad power series laptops and motorola powerstack series but despite meetings between michael spindler and bill gates not on the power macintosh as the prep compliant power macintosh project failed to ship intergraph corporation ported windows nt to its clipper architecture and later announced an intention to port windows nt 3 51 to sun microsystems sparc architecture 68 in conjunction with the company s planned introduction of ultrasparc models in 1995 69 but neither version was sold to the public as a retail product only two of the windows nt 4 0 variants ia 32 and alpha have a full set of service packs available all of the other ports done by third parties motorola intergraph etc have few if any publicly available updates windows nt 4 0 was the last major release to support alpha mips or powerpc though development of windows 2000 for alpha continued until august 1999 when compaq stopped support for windows nt on that architecture and then three days later microsoft also canceled their alphant program 70 even though the alpha nt 5 windows 2000 release had reached rc1 status 71 on january 5 2011 microsoft announced that the next major version of the windows nt family will include support for the arm architecture microsoft demonstrated a preliminary version of windows version 6 2 7867 running on an arm based computer at the 2011 consumer electronics show 72 this eventually led to the commercial release of the windows 8 derived windows rt on october 26 2012 and the use of windows nt rather than windows ce in windows phone 8 the original xbox and xbox 360 run a custom operating system based upon a heavily modified version of windows 2000 an approach that microsoft engineer don box called fork and run 73 74 it exports apis similar to those found in microsoft windows such as direct3d 75 the xbox one and xbox series x s consoles use a stripped down version of the windows operating system 76 windows 11 is the first non server version of windows nt that does not support 32 bit platforms 77 78 64 bit platforms edit the 64 bit versions of windows nt were originally intended to run on itanium and dec alpha the latter was used internally at microsoft during early development of 64 bit windows 79 80 this continued for some time after microsoft publicly announced that it was cancelling plans to ship 64 bit windows for alpha 81 because of this alpha versions of windows nt are 32 bit only while windows 2000 only supports intel ia 32 32 bit windows xp server 2003 server 2008 and server 2008 r2 each have one edition dedicated to itanium based systems 82 83 84 in comparison with itanium microsoft adopted x64 on a greater scale every version of windows since windows xp which has a dedicated x64 edition 85 has x64 editions 82 86 the first version of windows nt to support arm64 devices with qualcomm processors was windows 10 version 1709 87 this is a full version of windows rather than the cut down windows rt hardware requirements edit the minimum hardware specification required to run each release of the professional workstation version of windows nt has been fairly slow moving until the 6 0 vista release which requires a minimum of 15 gb of free disk space a tenfold increase in free disk space alone over the previous version and the 2021 10 0 11 release which excludes most systems built before 2018 windows nt minimum hardware requirements windows version cpu ram free disk space nt 3 1 88 i386 25 mhz ia 32 version 12 mb 75 mb nt 3 1 advanced server 88 16 mb 90 mb nt 3 5 workstation 89 12 mb 90 mb nt 3 5 server 89 16 mb nt 3 51 workstation 89 12 mb nt 3 51 server 89 16 mb nt 4 0 workstation 90 i486 25 mhz ia 32 version 12 mb 124 mb nt 4 0 server 90 16 mb 2000 professional 91 pentium 133 mhz with support for cpuid 32 mb 650 mb 2000 server 91 128 mb xp for ia 32 92 pentium 233 mhz with support for cpuid and cmpxchg8b 64 mb 1 5 gb xp for ia 64 93 itanium 733 mhz 1 gb 6 gb xp for x64 94 64 bit x86 processor 256 mb 1 5 gb server 2003 95 133 mhz with support for cpuid and cmpxchg8b 128 mb 1 5 gb server 2003 for ia 64 96 itanium 733 mhz 1 gb 2 gb vista home basic 97 800 mhz with support for cpuid cmpxchg8b and acpi 512 mb 20 gb vista other editions 97 1 ghz with support for cpuid cmpxchg8b and acpi 1 gb 40 gb 7 for ia 32 98 16 gb 7 for x64 98 2 gb 20 gb 8 for ia 32 99 1 ghz with support for nx bit sse2 pae and 2 cores 1 gb 16 gb 8 for x64 99 2 gb 20 gb 8 1 for ia 32 99 1 gb 16 gb 8 1 for x64 99 1 ghz with nx bit sse2 pae 2 cores cmpxchg16b prefetchw and lahf sahf 2 gb 20 gb 10 for ia 32 rtm v1809 100 1 ghz with nx bit sse2 pae and 2 cores 1 gb 16 gb 10 for x64 rtm v1809 100 intel core or amd 10h 1 ghz with nx bit sse2 pae 2 cores cmpxchg16b prefetchw and lahf sahf 2 gb 20 gb 10 for ia 32 v1903 22h2 100 1 ghz with nx bit sse2 pae and 2 cores 1 gb 32 gb 10 for x64 v1903 22h2 100 intel core or amd 10h 1 ghz with nx bit sse2 pae 2 cores cmpxchg16b prefetchw and lahf sahf 2 gb 11 for x64 77 78 intel 8th gen or amd zen based cpu trusted platform module tpm 2 0 or equivalent crypto processor 101 an x86 64 v2 cpu is required starting from version 24h2 dropping unofficial support for x86 64 v1 102 4 gb 64 gb 11 for arm64 77 78 qualcomm snapdragon 850 7c 8c 8cx x series microsoft sq1 sq2 an armv8 1 cpu is now required starting from version 24h2 dropping unofficial support for armv8 0 103 see also edit windows domain reactos an open source project with the goal of providing binary and device driver level compatibility with windows nt windows preinstallation environment microsoft...
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