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03 03 aged 67 a london england resting place st helen s church bishopsgate education christ church oxford known for balance spring conical pendulum constant force escapement cymatics discovery of gamma arietis discovery of cell discovery of great red spot hooke s law hooke s joint hooke s instrument hooke s wheel micrographia microscopy portable camera obscura reticle schlieren shadowgraph structural coloration sash window tin can telephone scientific career fields physics and biology workplaces university of oxford academic advisors john wilkins robert boyle signature robert hooke h ʊ k 18 july 1635 3 march 1703 4 a was an english polymath who was active as a physicist natural philosopher astronomer geologist meteorologist and architect 5 he is credited as one of the first scientists to investigate living things at microscopic scale in 1665 6 using a compound microscope that he designed 7 hooke was an impoverished scientific inquirer in young adulthood who went on to become one of the most important scientists of his time 8 after the great fire of london in 1666 hooke as a surveyor and architect attained wealth and esteem by performing more than half of the property line surveys and assisting with the city s rapid reconstruction 9 8 often vilified by writers in the centuries after his death his reputation was restored at the end of the twentieth century and he has been called england s leonardo da vinci 10 hooke was a fellow of the royal society and from 1662 he was its first curator of experiments 9 from 1665 to 1703 he was also professor of geometry at gresham college 11 hooke began his scientific career as an assistant to the physical scientist robert boyle hooke built the vacuum pumps that were used in boyle s experiments on gas law and also conducted experiments 12 in 1664 hooke identified the rotations of mars and jupiter 11 hooke s 1665 book micrographia in which he coined the term cell encouraged microscopic investigations 13 14 investigating optics specifically light refraction hooke inferred a wave theory of light 15 his is the first recorded hypothesis of the cause of the expansion of matter by heat 16 of air s composition by small particles in constant motion that thus generate its pressure 17 and of heat as energy 18 in physics hooke inferred that gravity obeys an inverse square law and arguably was the first to hypothesise such a relation in planetary motion 19 20 a principle isaac newton furthered and formalised in newton s law of universal gravitation 21 priority over this insight contributed to the rivalry between hooke and newton in geology and palaeontology hooke identified the organic origin and significance of fossils embedded in sedimentary rocks thus questioning the biblical view of the earth s creation 22 his explanations for the origin of such fossils some of which he identified as being of extinct species presaged 19th century arguments for biological evolution 23 he also argued that hills and mountains had become elevated by geological processes rather than having been created exactly as they are today 24 life and works early life much of what is known of hooke s early life comes from an autobiography he commenced in 1696 but never completed richard waller frs mentions it in his introduction to the posthumous works of robert hooke m d s r s which was printed in 1705 25 b the work of waller along with john ward s lives of the gresham professors 27 and john aubrey s brief lives 28 form the major near contemporaneous biographical accounts of his life hooke was born in 1635 in freshwater isle of wight to cecily gyles and the anglican priest john hooke who was the curate of all saints church freshwater 29 robert was the youngest by seven years of four siblings two boys and two girls he was frail and not expected to live 30 31 although his father gave him some instruction in english latin grammar and divinity robert s education was largely neglected 32 left to his own devices he made little mechanical toys seeing a brass clock dismantled he built a wooden replica that would go 32 hooke s father died in october 1648 leaving 40 in his will to robert plus another 10 held over from his grandmother 33 c at the age of 13 he took this to london to become an apprentice to the celebrated painter peter lely 35 hooke also had some instruction in drawing from the limner samuel cowper 34 but the smell of the oil colours did not agree with his constitution increasing his head ache to which he was ever too much subject and he became a pupil at westminster school living with its master richard busby 37 hooke quickly mastered latin greek and euclid s elements 11 he also learnt to play the organ 38 and began his lifelong study of mechanics 11 he remained an accomplished draughtsman as he was later to demonstrate in his drawings that illustrate the work of robert boyle and hooke s own micrographia 39 oxford 1689 portrait of robert boyle by johann kerseboom at gawthorpe hall lancashire in 1653 hooke secured a place at christ church oxford receiving free tuition and accommodation as an organist and a chorister and a basic income as a servitor 40 d despite the fact he did not officially matriculate until 1658 40 in 1662 hooke was awarded a master of arts degree 38 while a student at oxford hooke was also employed as an assistant to dr thomas willis a physician chemist and member of the oxford philosophical club 42 e the philosophical club had been founded by john wilkins warden of wadham college who led this important group of scientists who went on to form the nucleus of the royal society 44 in 1659 hooke described to the club some elements of a method of heavier than air flight but concluded human muscles were insufficient to the task 45 through the club hooke met seth ward the university s savilian professor of astronomy and developed for ward a mechanism that improved the regularity of pendulum clocks used for astronomical time keeping 46 hooke characterised his oxford days as the foundation of his lifelong passion for science 47 the friends he made there particularly christopher wren were important to him throughout his career willis introduced hooke to robert boyle who the club sought to attract to oxford 48 in 1655 boyle moved to oxford and hooke became nominally his assistant but in practice his co experimenter 48 boyle had been working on gas pressures the possibility a vacuum might exist despite aristotle s maxim nature abhors a vacuum had just begun to be considered hooke developed an air pump for boyle s experiments rather than use ralph greatorex s pump which hooke considered as too gross to perform any great matter 49 hooke s engine enabled the development of the eponymous law that was subsequently attributed to boyle 50 f hooke had a particularly keen eye and was an adept mathematician neither of which applied to boyle hooke taught boyle euclid s elements and descartes s principles of philosophy 9 it also caused them to recognise fire as a chemical reaction and not as aristotle taught a fundamental element of nature 52 royal society hooke s scientific work while employed by the society is summarised in the section science below according to henry robinson librarian of the royal society in 1935 without his weekly experiments and prolific work the society could scarcely have survived or at least would have developed in a quite different way it is scarcely an exaggeration to say that he was historically the creator of the royal society 53 the royal society for the improvement of natural knowledge by experiment g was founded in 1660 and given its royal charter in july 1662 54 on 5 november 1661 robert moray proposed the appointment of a curator to furnish the society with experiments and this was unanimously passed and hooke was named on boyle s recommendation 9 the society did not have a reliable income to fully fund the post of curator of experiments but in 1664 john cutler settled an annual gratuity of 50 on the society to found a mechanick lectureship at gresham college 55 on the understanding the society would appoint hooke to this task 56 on 27 june 1664 hooke was confirmed to the office and on 11 january 1665 he was named curator by office for life with an annual salary of 80 h consisting of 30 from the society and cutler s 50 annuity 56 i in june 1663 hooke was elected a fellow of the royal society frs 57 on 20 march 1665 he was also appointed gresham professor of geometry 58 59 on 13 september 1667 hooke became acting secretary of the society 60 and on 19 december 1677 he was appointed its joint secretary 61 personality relationships health and death illustration from the posthumous works of robert hooke published in acta eruditorum 1707 although john aubrey described hooke as a person of great virtue and goodness 62 much has been written about the unpleasant side of hooke s personality according to his first biographer richard waller hooke was in person but despicable and melancholy mistrustful and jealous 63 waller s comments influenced other writers for more than 200 years such that many books and articles especially biographies of isaac newton portray hooke as a disgruntled selfish anti social curmudgeon for example arthur berry said hooke claimed credit for most of the scientific discoveries of the time 64 sullivan wrote he was positively unscrupulous and had an uneasy apprehensive vanity in dealings with newton 65 manuel described hooke as cantankerous envious vengeful 66 according to more hooke had both a cynical temperament and a caustic tongue 67 andrade was more sympathetic but still described hooke as difficult suspicious and irritable 68 in october 1675 the council of the royal society considered a motion to expel hooke because of an attack he made on christiaan huygens over scientific priority in watch design but it did not pass 69 according to hooke s biographer ellen drake if one studies the intellectual milieu of the time the controversies and rivalries of the type in which he was involved seem almost to be the rule rather than the exception and hooke s reaction to such controversy involving his own discoveries and inventions seems mild in comparison to the behaviour of some of his contemporaries 70 the publication of hooke s diary in 1935 71 revealed previously unknown details about his social and familial relationships his biographer margaret espinasse said the picture which is usually painted of hooke as a morose recluse is completely false 72 he interacted with noted artisans such as clock maker thomas tompion 73 and instrument maker christopher cocks cox 74 hooke often met christopher wren with whom he shared many interests and had a lasting friendship with john aubrey his diaries also make frequent reference to meetings at coffeehouses and taverns as well as to dinners with robert boyle on many occasions hooke took tea with his lab assistant harry hunt although he largely lived alone apart from the servants who ran his home his niece grace hooke and his cousin tom giles lived with him for some years as children 75 hooke never married according to his diary hooke had a sexual relationship with his niece grace after she had turned 16 grace was in his custody since the age of 10 76 77 he also had sexual relations with several maids and housekeepers hooke s biographer stephen inwood considers grace to have been the love of his life and he was devastated when she died in 1687 inwood also mentions the age difference between him and grace was commonplace and would not have upset his contemporaries as it does us the incestuous relationship would nevertheless have been frowned upon and tried by an ecclesiastical court had it been discovered it was not however a capital felony after 1660 78 j since childhood hooke suffered from migraine tinnitus dizziness and bouts of insomnia 80 he also had a spinal deformity that was consistent with a diagnosis of scheuermann s kyphosis giving him in middle and later years a thin and crooked body over large head and protruding eyes 81 approaching these in a scientific spirit he experimented with self medication diligently recording symptoms substances and effects in his diary he regularly used sal ammoniac emetics laxatives and opium which appear to have had an increasing effect on his physical and mental health over time 82 hooke died in london on 3 march 1703 having been blind and bedridden during the last year of his life a chest containing 8 000 in money and gold was found in his room at gresham college 83 k his library contained over 3 000 books in latin french italian and english 83 although he had talked of leaving a generous bequest to the royal society which would have given his name to a library laboratory and lectures no will was found and the money passed to a cousin named elizabeth stephens 84 hooke was buried at st helen s church bishopsgate in the city of london 85 but the precise location of his grave is unknown science hooke s role at the royal society was to demonstrate experiments from his own methods or at the suggestion of members among his earliest demonstrations were discussions of the nature of air and the implosion of glass bubbles that had been sealed with enclosed hot air 57 he also demonstrated that a dog could be kept alive with its thorax opened provided air was pumped in and out of its lungs 86 l he noted the difference between venous blood and arterial blood and thus demonstrated that the pabulum vitae food of life m and flammae flames were the same thing 89 90 there were also experiments on gravity the falling of objects the weighing of bodies the measurement of barometric pressure at different heights and the movement of pendulums up to 200 ft 61 m long 89 his biographer margaret espinasse described him as england s first meteorologist in her description of his essay method for making a history of the weather 91 hooke specifies that a thermometer a hygrometer a wind gauge and a record sheet be used for proper weather records 92 n astronomy hooke noted the shadows a and b cast by both the globe and the rings on each other in this drawing of saturn drawings of the moon and the pleiades from hooke s micrographia in may 1664 using a 12 ft 3 7 m refracting telescope hooke observed the great red spot of jupiter for two hours as it moved across the planet s face in march 1665 he published his findings and from them the italian astronomer giovanni cassini calculated the rotation period of jupiter to be nine hours and fifty five minutes 93 one of the most challenging problems hooke investigated was the measurement of the distance from earth to a star other than the sun hooke selected the star gamma draconis and chose the method of parallax determination in 1669 after several months of observing hooke believed the desired result had been achieved it is now known his equipment was far too imprecise to obtain an accurate measurement 94 hooke s micrographia contains illustrations of the pleiades star cluster and lunar crat...
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