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n a series of reforms which regularised the vowel markers used with consonants by eliminating special markers and most irregular forms relationship with other indic scripts edit the tamil script differs from other brahmi derived scripts in a number of ways unlike every other brahmic script it does not regularly represent voiced or aspirated stop consonants as these are not phonemes of the tamil language even though voiced and fricative allophones of stops do appear in spoken tamil thus the character க் k for example represents k but can also be pronounced g or x based on the rules of tamil phonology a separate set of characters appears for these sounds when the tamil script is used to write sanskrit or other languages also unlike other brahmi scripts the tamil script rarely uses typographic ligatures to represent conjunct consonants which are far less frequent in tamil than in other indian languages where they occur conjunct consonants are written by writing the character for the first consonant adding the puḷḷi to suppress its inherent vowel and then writing the character for the second consonant there are a few exceptions namely க்ஷ kṣa and ஶ்ரீ śrī iso 15919 is an international standard for the transliteration of tamil and other indic scripts into latin characters it uses diacritics to map the much larger set of brahmic consonants and vowels to the latin script letters edit mangulam tamili inscription in mangulam madurai district tamil nadu dated to tamil sangam period c 400 bce to c 200 ce explanation for mangulam tamil brahmi inscription in mangulam madurai district tamil nadu dated to tamil sangam period c 400 bce to c 200 ce left tampiran vanakkam doctrina christum was the first book in tamil printed on 20 october 1578 right a book in tamil printed in 1781 basic consonants edit consonants are called the body mei letters the consonants are classified into three categories vallinam hard consonants mellinam soft consonants including all nasals and itayinam medium consonants there are some lexical rules for the formation of words the tolkāppiyam describes such rules some examples a word cannot end in certain consonants and cannot begin with some consonants including r l and ḻ there are six nasal consonants in tamil a velar nasal ங் a palatal nasal ஞ் a retroflex nasal ண் a dental nasal ந் a bilabial nasal ம் and an alveolar nasal ன் the order of the alphabet strictly abugida in tamil closely matches that of the nearby languages both in location and linguistics reflecting the common origin of their scripts from brahmi tamil language has 18 consonants mey eluttukkal traditional grammarians have classified these 18 into three groups of 6 letters each this classification is done based on the method of articulation and hence the nature of these letters vallinam hard group mellinam soft group and idaiyinam medium group all consonants are pronounced for a half unit māttirai time length when isolated consonants combined with vowels will be pronounced with the time length of the vowel citation needed tamil consonants 14 consonant iso 15919 category ipa க் k vallinam k ங் ṅ mellinam ŋ ச் c vallinam t͡ʃ s ஞ் ñ mellinam ɲ ட் ṭ vallinam ʈ ண் ṇ mellinam ɳ த் t vallinam t̪ ந் n mellinam n̪ ப் p vallinam p ம் m mellinam m ய் y idaiyinam j ர் r idaiyinam ɾ ல் l idaiyinam l̪ வ் v idaiyinam v ழ் ḻ idaiyinam ɻ ள் ḷ idaiyinam ɭ ற் ṟ vallinam r ன் ṉ mellinam n extra consonants used in tamil edit the tamil speech has incorporated many phonemes that were not part of the tolkāppiyam classification the letters used to represent these sounds known as grantha are regarded as supplementary to the standard alphabet they are taught from elementary school and are incorporated in tamil all character encoding tace16 grantha consonants in tamil 14 consonant iso 15919 ipa ஜ் j d͡ʒ ஶ் ś ʃ ஷ் ṣ ʂ ஸ் s s ஹ் h h க்ஷ் kṣ kʂ there is also the ligature ஶ்ரீ śrī equivalent to श्री in devanagari combinations of consonants with ஃ ஆய்த எழுத்து āyda eḻuttu equivalent to nuqta are occasionally used to represent phonemes of foreign languages especially to write islamic and christian texts for example asif அசிஃப் azārutīn̠ அஃஜாருதீன் genghis khan கெங்கிஸ் ஃகான் citation needed a nuqta like diacritic is used while writing the badaga language and double dot nuqta for the irula language to transcribe its sounds 15 there has also been effort to differentiate voiced and voiceless consonants through subscripted numbers two three and four which stand for the unvoiced aspirated voiced voiced aspirated respectively this was used to transcribe sanskrit words in sanskrit tamil books as shown in the table below 16 17 க ka க kha க ga க gha ச ca ச cha ஜ ja ஜ jha ட ṭa ட ṭha ட ḍa ட ḍha த ta த tha த da த dha ப pa ப pha ப ba ப bha the unicode standard uses superscripted digits for the same purpose as in ப² pha ப³ ba and ப bha 18 vowels edit vowels are also called the life uyir or soul letters together with the consonants mei which are called body letters they form compound syllabic abugida letters that are called living or embodied letters uyir mei i e letters that have both body and soul tamil language has 12 vowels which are divided into short and long five of each type and two diphthongs tamil vowels 14 independent vowel sign iso 15919 ipa அ n a a ɐ ஆ ா ā aː இ ி i i ஈ ீ ī iː உ ு u u ஊ ூ ū uː எ ெ e e ஏ ே ē eː ஐ ை ai ɐi̯ ஒ ொ o o ஓ ோ ō oː ஔ ௌ au ɐu̯ compound form edit using the consonant k as an example formation compound form iso 15919 ipa க் அ க ka kɐ க் ஆ கா kā kaː க் இ கி ki ki க் ஈ கீ kī kiː க் உ கு ku ku க் ஊ கூ kū kuː க் எ கெ ke ke க் ஏ கே kē keː க் ஐ கை kai kɐi̯ க் ஒ கொ ko ko க் ஓ கோ kō koː க் ஔ கௌ kau kɐu̯ the special letter ஃ represented by three dots is called āyta eḻuttu or aḵ it originally represented an archaic tamil retention of the dravidian sound ḥ which has been lost in almost all modern dravidian languages and in tamil traditionally serves a purely grammatical function but in modern times it has come to be used as a diacritic to represent foreign sounds for example ஃப is used for the english sound f not found in tamil it also served before palm leaves became the primary writing medium for words ending with an inherent consonsant vowel u as a pronouncing rule for a short u called tamil குற்றியலுகரம் romanized kuṟṟiyal ukaram lit short u sound following consonants rendered this behaviour கு சு டு து பு று instead of writing like in modern days without any markers for example tamil அது romanized atu it was written with a preceding ஃ like tamil அஃது romanized aḥtu another symbol ஂ represented by a small hollow circle and called aṉuvara is the anusvara now obsolete in tamil it was traditionally used as a homorganic nasal when in front of a consonant and either as a bilabial nasal m or alveolar nasal n at the end of a word depending on the context the long nedil vowels are about twice as long as the short kuṟil vowels the diphthongs are usually pronounced about one and a half times as long as the short vowels though some grammatical texts place them with the long nedil vowels as can be seen in the compound form the vowel sign can be added to the right left or both sides of the consonants it can also form a ligature these rules are evolving and older use has more ligatures than modern use what you actually see on this page depends on your font selection for example code2000 will show more ligatures than latha there are proponents of script reform who want to eliminate all ligatures and let all vowel signs appear on the right side unicode encodes the character in logical order always the consonant first whereas legacy 8 bit encodings such as tscii prefer the written order this makes it necessary to reorder when converting from one encoding to another it is not sufficient simply to map one set of code points to the other compound table of tamil letters edit the following table lists vowel uyir or life letters across the top and consonant mei or body letters along the side the combination of which gives all tamil compound uyirmei letters tolkāppiyam consonants vowels a ா ā ி i ீ ī ு u ூ ū ெ e ே ē ை ai ொ o ோ ō ௌ au independent அ ஆ இ ஈ உ ஊ எ ஏ ஐ ஒ ஓ ஔ க் k க கா கி கீ கு கூ கெ கே கை கொ கோ கௌ ங் ṅ ங ஙா ஙி ஙீ ஙு ஙூ ஙெ ஙே ஙை ஙொ ஙோ ஙௌ ச் c ச சா சி சீ சு சூ செ சே சை சொ சோ சௌ ஞ் ñ ஞ ஞா ஞி ஞீ ஞு ஞூ ஞெ ஞே ஞை ஞொ ஞோ ஞௌ ட் ṭ ட டா டி டீ டு டூ டெ டே டை டொ டோ டௌ ண் ṇ ண ணா ணி ணீ ணு ணூ ணெ ணே ணை ணொ ணோ ணௌ த் t த தா தி தீ து தூ தெ தே தை தொ தோ தௌ ந் n ந நா நி நீ நு நூ நெ நே நை நொ நோ நௌ ப் p ப பா பி பீ பு பூ பெ பே பை பொ போ பௌ ம் m ம மா மி மீ மு மூ மெ மே மை மொ மோ மௌ ய் y ய யா யி யீ யு யூ யெ யே யை யொ யோ யௌ ர் r ர ரா ரி ரீ ரு ரூ ரெ ரே ரை ரொ ரோ ரௌ ல் l ல லா லி லீ லு லூ லெ லே லை லொ லோ லௌ வ் v வ வா வி வீ வு வூ வெ வே வை வொ வோ வௌ ழ் ḻ ழ ழா ழி ழீ ழு ழூ ழெ ழே ழை ழொ ழோ ழௌ ள் ḷ ள ளா ளி ளீ ளு ளூ ளெ ளே ளை ளொ ளோ ளௌ ற் ṟ ற றா றி றீ று றூ றெ றே றை றொ றோ றௌ ன் ṉ ன னா னி னீ னு னூ னெ னே னை னொ னோ னௌ grantha compound table grantha consonants vowels a ா ā ி i ீ ī ு u ூ ū ெ e ே ē ை ai ொ o ோ ō ௌ au ஶ் ś ஶ ஶா ஶி ஶீ ஶு ஶூ ஶெ ஶே ஶை ஶொ ஶோ ஶௌ ஜ் j ஜ ஜா ஜி ஜீ ஜு ஜூ ஜெ ஜே ஜை ஜொ ஜோ ஜௌ ஷ் ṣ ஷ ஷா ஷி ஷீ ஷு ஷூ ஷெ ஷே ஷை ஷொ ஷோ ஷௌ ஸ் s ஸ ஸா ஸி ஸீ ஸு ஸூ ஸெ ஸே ஸை ஸொ ஸோ ஸௌ ஹ் h ஹ ஹா ஹி ஹீ ஹு ஹூ ஹெ ஹே ஹை ஹொ ஹோ ஹௌ க்ஷ் kṣ க்ஷ க்ஷா க்ஷி க்ஷீ க்ஷு க்ஷூ க்ஷெ க்ஷே க்ஷை க்ஷொ க்ஷோ க்ஷௌ writing order edit vowels uyireḻuttu letter animation அ a ஆ ā இ i ஈ ī உ u ஊ ū எ e ஏ ē ஐ ai ஒ o ஓ ō ஔ au ஃ aḵ ஃ is aytam but traditionally grouped with the vowel letters consonants meyyeḻuttu letter animation க் k ங் ṅ ச் ch ஞ் ñ ட் t ண் ṇ த் th ந் n ப் p ம் m ய் y ர் r ல் l வ் v ழ் ḻ ள் ḷ ற் ṟ ன் ṉ numerals and symbols edit main article tamil numerals apart from the usual numerals from 0 to 9 tamil also has numerals for 10 100 and 1000 symbols for fraction and other number based concepts can also be found 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100 1000 ௦ ௧ ௨ ௩ ௪ ௫ ௬ ௭ ௮ ௯ day month year debit credit as above rupee numeral time quantity ள வ unicode edit main articles tamil unicode block and tamil supplement unicode block tamil script was added to the unicode standard in october 1991 with the release of version 1 0 0 the unicode block for tamil is u 0b80 u 0bff grey areas indicate non assigned code points most of the non assigned code points are designated reserved because they are in the same relative position as characters assigned in other south asian script blocks that correspond to phonemes that don t exist in the tamil script efforts to unify the grantha script with tamil have been made 16 20 however the proposals triggered discontent by some 21 22 eventually considering the sensitivity involved it was determined that the two scripts should be encoded independently except for the numerals 23 tamil 1 2 official unicode consortium code chart pdf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u 0b8x ஂ ஃ அ ஆ இ ஈ உ ஊ எ ஏ u 0b9x ஐ ஒ ஓ ஔ க ங ச ஜ ஞ ட u 0bax ண த ந ன ப ம ய u 0bbx ர ற ல ள ழ வ ஶ ஷ ஸ ஹ ா ி u 0bcx ீ ு ூ ெ ே ை ொ ோ ௌ ் u 0bdx ௐ ௗ u 0bex ௦ ௧ ௨ ௩ ௪ ௫ ௬ ௭ ௮ ௯ u 0bfx notes 1 as of unicode version 17 0 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points proposals to encode characters used for fractional values in traditional accounting practices were submitted 24 although discouraged by the icta of sri lanka 25 the proposal was recognized by the government of tamil nadu 26 and were added to the unicode standard in march 2019 with the release of version 12 0 the unicode block for tamil supplement is u 11fc0 u 11fff tamil supplement 1 2 official unicode consortium code chart pdf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u 11fcx u 11fdx u 11fex u 11ffx notes 1 as of unicode version 17 0 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points syllabary edit like other south asian scripts in unicode the tamil encoding was originally derived from the iscii standard both iscii and unicode encode tamil as an abugida in an abugida each basic character represents a consonant and default vowel consonants with a different vowel or bare consonants are represented by adding a modifier character to a base character each code point representing a similar phoneme is encoded in the same relative position in each south asian script block in unicode including tamil because unicode represents tamil as an abugida all the pure consonants consonants with no associated vowel and syllables in tamil can be represented by combining multiple unicode code points as can be seen in the unicode tamil syllabary below in unicode 5 1 named sequences were added for all tamil consonants and syllables unicode 5 1 also has a named sequence for the tamil ligature sri śrī ஶ்ரீ written using ஶ śa the name of this sequence is tamil syllable shrii and is composed of the unicode sequence u 0bb6 u 0bcd u 0bb0 u 0bc0 the ligature can also be written using ஸ sa to create an identical ligature ஸ்ரீ composed of the unicode sequence u 0bb8 u 0bcd u 0bb0 u 0bc0 but this is discouraged by the unicode standard 27 unicode tamil syllabary consonants vowels அ 0b85 ஆ 0b86 இ 0b87 ஈ 0b88 உ 0b89 ஊ 0b8a எ 0b8e ஏ 0b8f ஐ 0b90 ஒ 0b92 ஓ 0b93 ஔ 0b94 க் 0b95 0bcd க 0b95 கா 0b95 0bbe கி 0b95 0bbf கீ 0b95 0bc0 கு 0b95 0bc1 கூ 0b95 0bc2 கெ 0b95 0bc6 கே 0b95 0bc7 கை 0b95 0bc8 கொ 0b95 0bca கோ 0b95 0bcb கௌ 0b95 0bcc ங் 0b99 0bcd ங 0b99 ஙா 0b99 0bbe ஙி 0b99 0bbf ஙீ 0b99 0bc0 ஙு 0b99 0bc1 ஙூ 0b99 0bc2 ஙெ 0b99 0bc6 ஙே 0b99 0bc7 ஙை 0b99 0bc8 ஙொ 0b99 0bca ஙோ 0b99 0bcb ஙௌ 0b99 0bcc ச் 0b9a 0bcd ச 0b9a சா 0b9a 0bbe சி 0b9a 0bbf சீ 0b9a 0bc0 சு 0b9a 0bc1 சூ 0b9a 0bc2 செ 0b9a 0bc6 சே 0b9a 0bc7 சை 0b9a 0bc8 சொ 0b9a 0bca சோ 0b9a 0bcb சௌ 0b9a 0bcc ஞ் 0b9e 0bcd ஞ 0b9e ஞா 0b9e 0bbe ஞி 0b9e 0bbf ஞீ 0b9e 0bc0 ஞு 0b9e 0bc1 ஞூ 0b9e 0bc2 ஞெ 0b9e 0bc6 ஞே 0b9e 0bc7 ஞை 0b9e 0bc8 ஞொ 0b9e 0bca ஞோ 0b9e 0bcb ஞௌ 0b9e 0bcc ட் 0b9f 0bcd ட 0b9f டா 0b9f 0bbe டி 0b9f 0bbf டீ 0b9f 0bc0 டு 0b9f 0bc1 டூ 0b9f 0bc2 டெ 0b9f 0bc6 டே 0b9f 0bc7 டை 0b9f 0bc8 டொ 0b9f 0bca டோ 0b9f 0bcb டௌ 0b9f 0bcc ண் 0ba3 0bcd ண 0ba3 ணா 0ba3 0bbe ணி 0ba3 0bbf ணீ 0ba3 0bc0 ணு 0ba3 0bc1 ணூ 0ba3 0bc2 ணெ 0ba3 0bc6 ணே 0ba3 0bc7 ணை 0ba3 0bc8 ணொ 0ba3 0bca ணோ 0ba3 0bcb ணௌ 0ba3 0bcc த் 0ba4 0bcd த 0ba4 தா 0ba4 0bbe தி 0ba4 0bbf தீ 0ba4 0bc0 து 0ba4 0bc1 தூ 0ba4 0bc2 தெ 0ba4 0bc6 தே 0ba4 0bc7 தை 0ba4 0bc8 தொ 0ba4 0bca தோ 0ba4 0bcb தௌ 0ba4 0bcc ந் 0ba8 0bcd ந 0ba8 நா 0ba8 0bbe நி 0ba8 0bbf நீ 0ba8 0bc0 நு 0ba8 0bc1 நூ 0ba8 0bc2 நெ 0ba8 0bc6 நே 0ba8 0bc7 நை 0ba8 0bc8 நொ 0ba8 0bca நோ 0ba8 0bcb நௌ 0ba8 0bcc ப் 0baa 0bcd ப 0baa பா 0baa 0bbe பி 0baa 0bbf பீ 0baa 0bc0 பு 0baa 0bc1 பூ 0baa 0bc2 பெ 0baa 0bc6 பே 0baa 0bc7 பை 0baa 0bc8 பொ 0baa 0bca போ 0baa 0bcb பௌ 0baa 0bcc ம் 0bae 0bcd ம 0bae மா 0bae 0bbe மி 0bae 0bbf மீ 0bae 0bc0 மு 0bae 0bc1 மூ 0bae 0bc2 மெ 0bae 0bc6 மே 0bae 0bc7 மை 0bae 0bc8 மொ 0bae 0bca மோ 0bae 0bcb மௌ 0bae 0bcc ய் 0baf 0bcd ய 0baf யா 0baf 0bbe யி 0baf 0bbf யீ 0baf 0bc0 யு 0baf 0bc1 யூ 0baf 0bc2 யெ 0baf 0bc6 யே 0baf 0bc7 யை 0baf 0bc8 யொ 0baf 0bca யோ 0baf 0bcb யௌ 0baf 0bcc ர் 0bb0 0bcd ர 0bb0 ரா 0bb0 0bbe ரி 0bb0 0bbf ரீ 0bb0 0bc0 ரு 0bb0 0bc1 ரூ 0bb0 0bc2 ரெ 0bb0 0bc6 ரே 0bb0 0bc7 ரை 0bb0 0bc8 ரொ 0bb0 0bca ரோ 0bb0 0bcb ரௌ 0bb0 0bcc ல் 0bb2 0bcd ல 0bb2 லா 0bb2 0bbe லி 0bb2 0bbf லீ 0bb2 0bc0 லு 0bb2 0bc1 லூ 0bb2 0bc2 லெ 0bb2 0bc6 லே 0bb2 0bc7 ...
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