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lling both terrorists 112 on 26 july 2008 a series of 17 bomb blasts rocked ahmedabad killing and injuring several people 113 geography main article geography of gujarat see also climate of gujarat and list of rivers of gujarat physical map of gujarat sardar sarovar dam gujarat gujarat borders the tharparkar badin and thatta districts of pakistan s sindh province to the northwest is bounded by the arabian sea to the southwest the state of rajasthan to the northeast madhya pradesh to the east and by maharashtra the union territory of dadra and nagar haveli and daman and diu to the south historically the north was known as anarta the kathiawar peninsula saurastra and the south as lata 114 gujarat was also known as pratichya and varuna 115 the arabian sea makes up the state s western coast the capital gandhinagar is a planned city gujarat has an area of 75 686 sq mi 196 030 km 2 with the longest coastline 24 of indian sea coast 1 600 km 990 mi dotted with 41 ports one major 11 intermediate and 29 minor the narmada is the largest river in gujarat followed by the tapi the sabarmati has the longest course through the state the sardar sarovar project is built on narmada one of the major rivers of peninsular india where it is one of only three major rivers that run from east to west the others being the tapi and the mahi it is about 1 312 km 815 mi long several riverfront embankments have been built on the sabarmati river the eastern borders have fringes of low mountains of india the aravalli sahyadri western ghats vindhya and saputara apart from this the gir hills barda jessore and chotila together make up a large minority of gujarat girnar is the tallest peak and saputara is the only hill station hilltop resort in the state rann of kutch main article rann of kutch rann રણ is gujarati for desert the rann of kutch is a seasonally marshy saline clay desert in the thar desert biogeographic region between the pakistani province of sindh and the rest of the state of gujarat it commences 8 km 5 0 mi from the village of kharaghoda surendranagar district the colourful rann utsav festival is held annually in the rann of kutch people enjoying raan utsav at dhordo kutch camel ride in the rann of kutch greater flamingo at the rann of kutch flora and fauna main articles fauna of gujarat and list of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of gujarat india prehistoric fauna indroda dinosaur and fossil park gandhinagar in the early 1980s palaeontologists found dinosaur egg hatcheries and fossils of at least 13 species in balasinor the most important find was that of a carnivorous abelisaurid dinosaur named rajasurus narmadensis which lived in the late cretaceous period 116 117 a notable discovery in the village of dholi dungri was that of sanajeh indicus a primitive madtsoiid snake that likely preyed on sauropod dinosaur hatchlings and embryos 117 118 extant species as of 2023 gujarat has 15 016 64 km 2 of forest cover which is about 7 65 of its geographical area the total recorded forest area in the state is 21 870 35 km 2 11 14 119 among the districts the dangs has the largest area under forest cover gujarat has four national parks and 21 sanctuaries it is the only home of asiatic lions and outside africa is the only present natural habitat of lions 120 gir forest national park in the southwest part of the state covers part of the lions habitat indian leopards are also found in the state they are spread across the large plains of saurashtra and the mountains of south gujarat other national parks include vansda national park blackbuck national park velavadar and narara marine national park gulf of kutchh jamnagar wildlife sanctuaries include wild ass wildlife sanctuary nal sarovar bird sanctuary porbandar bird sanctuary kutch desert wildlife sanctuary kutch bustard sanctuary narayan sarovar sanctuary jessore sloth bear sanctuary anjal balaram ambaji barda jambughoda khavda paniya purna rampura ratan mahal and surpaneshwar in february 2019 a bengal tiger claimed to be from ratapani in madhya pradesh was spotted in the area of lunavada in mahisagar district in the eastern part of the state 121 122 before being found dead later that month likely from starvation 123 a family of asiatic lions which live in and around gir national park greater flamingos at the nal sarovar bird sanctuary striped hyena at the gir national park demographics population historical population year pop 1901 9 094 748 1911 9 803 587 7 8 1921 10 174 989 3 8 1931 11 489 828 12 9 1941 13 701 551 19 2 1951 16 263 000 18 7 1961 20 633 000 26 9 1971 26 697 000 29 4 1981 34 086 000 27 7 1991 41 310 000 21 2 2001 50 671 000 22 7 2011 60 383 628 19 2 source census of india 124 the population of gujarat was 60 439 692 31 491 260 males and 28 948 432 females according to the 2011 census data 125 the population density is 308 persons per square kilometre 800 persons mi 2 lower than other indian states as per the census of 2011 the state has a sex ratio of 918 females for every 1000 males one of the lowest ranked 24 among the 29 states in india social groups main article gujarati people while gujarati speakers constitute a majority of gujarat s population the metropolitan areas of ahmedabad vadodara and surat are cosmopolitan with numerous other ethnic and language groups marwaris compose large minorities of economic migrants smaller communities of people from the other states of india have also migrated to gujarat for employment luso indians anglo indians jews and parsis also live in the areas 126 sindhi presence is traditionally important here following the partition of india in 1947 127 the koli forms the largest caste cluster comprising 24 of the total population of the state 128 129 language languages spoken by district gujarati 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 100 bhil languages 50 60 gujarati written in gujarati script languages of gujarat 2011 gujarati 86 0 hindi 7 06 sindhi 1 96 marathi 1 52 bhili 1 37 urdu 0 79 odia 0 30 khandeshi 0 25 bengali 0 13 telugu 0 12 others 0 52 gujarati is the official language of the state of gujarat an indo aryan language it is spoken natively by 86 of the state s population or 52 million people as of 2011 hindi is the second most frequently spoken language in the state being spoken by more than 6 of the population marathi also is spoken in urban areas 130 1 9 speak sindhi 1 5 marathi 1 4 bhili 0 79 urdu 0 30 odia in kutch region people speak the kutchi and sindhi languages and memoni is spoken in kathiawar by sindhi memons almost 88 of the gujarati muslims speak gujarati as their mother tongue and the remaining 12 speak urdu in rural areas among the tribals various bhil dialects are spoken by approximately 1 37 of the population in the northeast part of the state bhili is spoken in the central part of the state bhili bhilali and vasava are spoken while in the southeast part of the state dangi varli chodri and dhodia which are related to marathi are spoken three language formula under the three language formula 131 the languages taught in schools are first language gujarati hindi english second language gujarati english third language hindi religion religion in gujarat 2011 132 hinduism 88 6 islam 9 67 jainism 0 96 christianity 0 52 sikhism 0 10 buddhism 0 05 others 0 03 not stated 0 10 according to 2011 census the religious makeup in gujarat was 88 57 hindu 9 67 muslim 0 96 jain 0 52 christian 0 10 sikh 0 05 buddhist and 0 03 others around 0 1 did not state any religion 132 hinduism is the majority religion and is over 93 in rural areas muslims are the biggest minority in the state accounting for 9 7 of the population gujarat has the third largest population of jains in india following maharashtra and rajasthan almost all of whom live in urban areas like vadodara ahmedabad and surat 133 fiscal health index gujarat ranked fifth in the fiscal health index fhi 2025 with a score of 50 5 134 governance and administration main articles politics of gujarat government of gujarat gujarat legislative assembly districts of gujarat cities of gujarat and talukas of gujarat see also chief ministers of gujarat and gujarat council of ministers legislative assembly and seat of gujarat government located in gandhinagar the capital of gujarat state gujarat is governed by a legislative assembly of 182 members members of the legislative assembly are elected on the basis of adult suffrage from one of 182 constituencies of which 13 are reserved for scheduled castes and 27 for scheduled tribes the term of office for a member of the legislative assembly is five years the legislative assembly elects a speaker who presides over the meetings of the legislature a governor is appointed by the president of india and is to address the state legislature after every general election and the commencement of each year s first session of the legislative assembly the leader of the majority party or coalition in the legislature chief minister or his or her designee acts as the leader of the legislative assembly the governor is the constitutional head of the state while the gujarat council of ministers headed by the chief minister exercises executive authority and functions as the de facto government 135 after the independence of india in 1947 the indian national congress inc ruled the bombay state which included present day gujarat and maharashtra congress continued to govern gujarat after the state s creation in 1960 during and after india s state of emergency of 1975 1977 public support for the inc eroded but it continued to hold government until 1995 with the brief rule of nine months by janata morcha in the 1995 assembly elections the congress lost to the bharatiya janata party bjp led by keshubhai patel who became the chief minister his government lasted only two years the fall of that government was provoked by a split in the bjp led by shankersinh vaghela bjp again won election in 1998 with clear majority in 2001 following the loss of two assembly seats in by elections keshubhai patel resigned and yielded power to narendra modi bjp retained a majority in the 2002 election and narendra modi remained as chief minister on 1 june 2007 narendra modi became the longest serving chief minister of gujarat 136 137 138 bjp retained the power in subsequent elections in 2007 and 2012 and narendra modi continued as the chief minister after narendra modi became the prime minister of india in 2014 anandiben patel became the first female chief minister of the state vijay rupani took over as chief minister and nitin patel as deputy chief minister on 7 august 2016 after anandiben patel resigned earlier on 3 august bhupendrabhai patel became chief minister in september 2021 after the resignation of vijay rupani the incumbent chief secretary of gujarat is raj kumar 139 and director general of police dgp is kln rao 140 gujarat has 34 districts listed below ahmedabad surat bharuch dang navsari tapi valsad narmada vadodara anand chhota udaipur dahod kheda mahisagar panchmahal gandhinagar aravalli banaskantha mehsana patan sabarkantha rajkot jamnagar amreli bhavnagar botad devbhoomi dwarka gir somnath junagadh morbi porbandar surendranagar kachchh vav tharad largest cities or towns in gujarat as of the 2011 census rank name district pop rank name district pop 1 ahmedabad ahmedabad 6 357 693 11 morbi morbi 210 451 2 surat surat 5 935 000 12 anand anand 209 410 3 vadodara vadodara 4 065 771 13 mehsana mehsana 190 753 4 rajkot rajkot 1 390 640 14 surendranagar dudhrej surendranagar 177 851 5 bhavnagar bhavnagar 605 882 15 veraval gir somnath 171 121 6 jamnagar jamnagar 479 920 16 navsari navsari 171 109 7 junagadh junagadh 319 462 17 bharuch bharuch 169 007 8 gandhinagar gandhinagar 292 167 18 vapi valsad 163 630 9 gandhidham kutch 248 705 19 porbandar porbandar 152 760 10 nadiad kheda 225 071 20 bhuj kutch 148 834 for administrative purposes gujarat is structurally divided into districts zilas prants subdivisions talukas and villages primarily to facilitate land revenue administration the state is divided into 34 districts 122 prants 265 talukas and 18 584 revenue villages 141 142 143 there are 17 municipal corporations and 152 municipalities for urban governance and 33 district panchayats 247 taluka panchayats and 16 778 gram panchayats for rural governance elections to these local bodies are held every five years for their members and councils 144 145 146 147 india gujarat districts prant subdivisions municipal corporations mahanagar palika municipalities nagar palika town council nagar panchayat taluka tehsil wards economy main article economy of gujarat mundra port kutch gujarat is the most industrialised state in india and has the highest industrial output when compared to other states in the country 148 it has the highest exports of any indian state accounting for 30 7 of all indian exports in 2024 2025 149 it leads in diverse industrial sectors such as chemicals petrochemicals dairy drugs and pharmaceuticals cement and ceramics gems and jewellery textiles and engineering 150 it has the highest electricity production capacity 151 and maritime port cargo volume 152 among all states in india major agricultural produce of the state includes cotton groundnuts peanuts dates sugar cane milk and milk products industrial products include cement and petrol 153 gujarat is ranked number one in the pharmaceutical industry in india with a 33 share in drug manufacturing and 28 share in drug exports the state has 130 usfda certified drug manufacturing facilities ahmedabad and vadodara are considered as pharmaceutical hubs as there are many big and small pharmaceutical companies established in these cities 154 gujarat has the longest coastline in india 1600 km and its ports both private and public sector handle around 40 of india s ocean cargo with mundra port located in gulf of kutch being the largest port of india by cargo handled 144 million tons due to its favourable location on the westernmost part of india and closeness to global shipping lanes gujarat also contributes around 20 share in india s industrial production and merchandise exports according to a 2009 report on economic freedom by the cato institute gujarat is the most free state in india the second one being tamil nadu 155 reliance industries operates the oil refinery at jamnagar which is the world s largest grass roots refinery at a single location the world s largest shipbreaking yard is in gujarat near bhavnagar at alang india s only liquid chemical port terminal at dahej developed by gujarat chemical port terminal co ltd gujarat has two of the three liquefied natural gas lng terminals in the country dahej and hazira two more lng terminals are proposed at pipavav and mundra citation needed according to most recent data gujarat is considered the fourth richest state in india 156 gujarat has 85 village connectivity with all weather roads 157 nearly 100 of gujarat s 18 000 villages have been connected to the electrical grid for 24 hour p...
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