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god s examination 22 catholicism edit the last judgment sistine chapel by michelangelo 1536 1541 belief in the last judgment often linked with the general judgment is held firmly in catholicism immediately upon death each person undergoes the particular judgment and depending upon one s behavior on earth goes to heaven purgatory or hell those in purgatory will always reach heaven but those in hell will be there eternally the last judgment will occur after the resurrection of the dead and our mortal body will come to life again 26 the catholic church teaches that at the time of the last judgment christ will come in his glory and all the angels with him and in his presence the truth of each one s deeds will be laid bare each person who has ever lived will be judged with perfect justice the believers who are deemed worthy as well as those ignorant of christ s teaching who followed the dictates of conscience 27 will go to everlasting bliss those who are judged unworthy will go to everlasting condemnation a decisive factor in the last judgment will be the question were the corporal works of mercy practiced or not during one s lifetime they rate as important acts of charity therefore and according to the biblical sources mt 25 31 46 the conjunction of the last judgment and the works of mercy is frequent in the pictorial tradition of christian art 28 before the last judgment all will be resurrected those who were in purgatory will have already been purged meaning they would have already been released into heaven and so like those in heaven and hell will resurrect with their bodies followed by the last judgment 29 according to the catechism of the catholic church 1038 the resurrection of all the dead of both the just and the unjust acts 24 15 will precede the last judgment this will be the hour when all who are in the tombs will hear the son of man s voice and come forth those who have done good to the resurrection of life and those who have done evil to the resurrection of judgment jn 5 28 29 then christ will come in his glory and all the angels with him before him will be gathered all the nations and he will separate them one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats and he will place the sheep at his right hand but the goats at the left and they will go away into eternal punishment but the righteous into eternal life mt 25 31 32 46 1039 in the presence of christ who is truth itself the truth of each man s relationship with god will be laid bare cf jn 12 49 the last judgment will reveal even to its furthest consequences the good each person has done or failed to do during his earthly life 1040 the last judgment will come when christ returns in glory only the father knows the day and the hour only he determines the moment of its coming then through his son jesus christ he will pronounce the final word on all history we shall know the ultimate meaning of the whole work of creation and of the entire economy of salvation and understand the marvelous ways by which his providence led everything towards its final end the last judgment will reveal that god s justice triumphs over all the injustices committed by his creatures and that god s love is stronger than death cf song 8 6 30 catechism of the catholic church the eastern orthodox and catholic teachings of the last judgment differ only on the exact nature of the in between state of purgatory abraham s bosom these differences may only be apparent and not actual due to differing theological terminology and evolving tradition eastern orthodoxy edit the last judgment 17th century icon from lipie historic museum in sanok poland the last judgment mural from voroneț monastery romania the eastern orthodox church teaches that there are two judgments the first or particular judgment is that experienced by each individual at the time of his or her death at which time god will decide where 31 one is to spend the time until the second coming of christ see hades in christianity this judgment is generally believed to occur on the fortieth day after death the second general or final judgment will occur after the second coming although in modern times some have attempted to introduce the concept of soul sleep into orthodox thought about life after death it has never been a part of traditional orthodox teaching and it contradicts the orthodox understanding of the intercession of the saints citation needed eastern orthodoxy teaches that salvation is bestowed by god as a free gift of divine grace which cannot be earned and by which forgiveness of sins is available to all however the deeds done by each person are believed to affect how he will be judged following the parable of the sheep and the goats how forgiveness is to be balanced against behavior is not well defined in scripture judgment in the matter being solely christ s similarly although orthodoxy teaches that sole salvation is obtained only through christ and his church the fate of those outside the church at the last judgment is left to the mercy of god and is not declared icons edit viktor vasnetsov s the last judgment 1904 the theme of the last judgment is important in orthodoxy traditionally an orthodox church will have a fresco or mosaic of the last judgment on the back western wall so that the faithful as they leave the services are reminded that they will be judged by what they do during earthly life the icon of the last judgment traditionally depicts christ pantokrator enthroned in glory on a white throne surrounded by the theotokos virgin mary john the baptist the apostles saints and angels beneath the throne the scene is divided in half with the mansions of the righteous john 14 2 i e those who have been saved to jesus right the viewer s left and the torments of those who have been damned to his left separating the two is the river of fire which proceeds from jesus left foot for more detail see below hymnography edit theodore poulakis the hymn to the virgin with last judgment 1622 the theme of the last judgement is found in the funeral and memorial hymnody of the church and is a major theme in the services during great lent the second sunday before the beginning of great lent is dedicated to the last judgement it is also found in the hymns of the octoechos used on saturdays throughout the year cretan school edit there were many renditions of the last judgment completed by greek painters living in crete which was held by the venetian empire most of the works of art were influenced by venetian painting but were considered to be painted in the maniera greca the last judgment by francheskos kavertzas 1648 georgios klontzas painted many triptychs featuring the last judgment some include the last judgment the last judgement triptych and the triptych of the last judgement klontzas was the forerunner of a new painting style 32 33 other greek painters followed the precedent set by klontzas theodore poulakis added the last judgment to his rendition of klontzas in thee rejoiceth the painter incorporated the last judgement into one of klontzas earlier works entitled in thee rejoiceth poulakis paid homage to the father of the last judgement style 34 leos moskos and francheskos kavertzas also followed the outline for the stylistic representation of the last judgement set by klontzas their works were the last judgment kavertzas and the last judgment moskos both paintings resemble klontas last judgement painting 35 36 lutheranism edit lutherans do not believe in any sort of earthly millennial kingdom of christ either before or after his second coming on the last day 37 on the last day 38 all the dead will be resurrected 39 their souls will then be reunited with the same bodies they had before dying 40 the bodies will then be changed those of the wicked to a state of everlasting shame and torment 41 those of the righteous to an everlasting state of celestial glory 42 after the resurrection of all the dead 43 and the change of those still living 44 all nations shall be gathered before christ 45 and he will separate the righteous from the wicked 46 christ will publicly judge 47 all people by the testimony of their faith 48 the good works 49 of the righteous in evidence of their faith 50 and the evil works of the wicked in evidence of their unbelief 51 he will judge in righteousness 52 in the presence of all and men and angels 53 and his final judgment will be just damnation to everlasting punishment for the wicked and a gracious gift of life everlasting to the righteous 54 55 56 william blake s the day of judgment printed in 1808 to illustrate robert blair s poem the grave esoteric christian traditions edit see also second coming esoteric christian teachings and esoteric christianity although the last judgment is believed by a great part of christian mainstream churches some members of esoteric christian traditions like the rosicrucians the spiritualist movement and some liberals instead believe in a form of universal salvation citation needed max heindel a danish american astrologer and mystic taught that when the day of christ comes marking the end of the current fifth or aryan epoch the human race will have to pass a final examination or last judgment where as in the days of noah 57 the chosen ones or pioneers the sheep will be separated from the goats or stragglers 58 by being carried forward into the next evolutionary period inheriting the ethereal conditions of the new galilee in the making nevertheless it is emphasized that all beings of the human evolution will ultimately be saved in a distant future as they acquire a superior grade of consciousness and altruism at the present period the process of human evolution is conducted by means of successive rebirths in the physical world 59 and the salvation is seen as being mentioned in revelation 3 12 kjv which states him that overcometh will i make a pillar in the temple of my god and he shall go no more out however this western esoteric tradition states like those who have had a near death experience that after the death of the physical body at the end of each physical lifetime and after the life review period which occurs before the silver cord is broken a judgment occurs more akin to a final review or end report over one s life where the life of the subject is fully evaluated and scrutinized 60 this judgment is seen as being mentioned in hebrews 9 27 which states that it is appointed unto men once to die but after this the judgment swedenborgian edit emanuel swedenborg 1688 1772 had a revelation that the church has gone through a series of last judgments first during noah s flood then moses on mount sinai jesus crucifixion and finally in 1757 which is the final last judgment these occur in a realm outside earth and heaven and are spiritual in nature 61 62 63 the church of jesus christ of latter day saints edit the church of jesus christ of latter day saints lds church teaches that the last judgment for each individual occurs after that individual has been resurrected citation needed people will be judged by jesus christ 64 jesus twelve apostles will help judge the twelve tribes of israel and the twelve nephite disciples from the book of mormon will help to judge the nephite and lamanite people 64 the church of jesus christ of latter day saints teaches that people will be judged by their words their works their thoughts and the intents of their hearts 64 records that have been kept in heaven and on earth will also be used to judge people 64 jesus christ will act as the advocate for people who had faith in him and such people will enter god s presence based on jesus merits as opposed to their own 65 after the final judgment an individual is assigned to one of the three degrees of glory artistic representations edit main article doom paintings doom painting st mary s church north leigh oxfordshire 15th century armenian manuscript depicts the last judgment 1679 in art the last judgment is a common theme in medieval and renaissance religious iconography like most early iconographic innovations its origins stem from byzantine art although it was a less common subject than in the west during the middle ages 66 in western christianity it is often the subject depicted in medieval cathedrals and churches either outside on the central tympanum of the entrance or inside on the rear west wall so that the congregation attending church saw the image on either entering or leaving in the 15th century it also appeared as the central section of a triptych on altarpieces with the side panels showing heaven and hell as in the beaune altarpiece or a triptych by hans memling the usual composition has christ seated high in the centre flanked by angels the virgin mary and john the evangelist who are supplicating on behalf of those being judged in what is called a deesis group in orthodoxy saint michael is often shown either weighing the deceased on scales or directing matters and there might be a large crowd of saints angels and the saved around the central group the last judgment by georgios klontzas late 1500s at the bottom of the composition a crowd of the deceased are shown often with some rising from their graves these are being sorted and directed by angels into the saved and the damned almost always the saved are on the viewer s left so on the right hand of christ and the damned on the right the saved are led up to heaven often shown as a fortified gateway while the damned are handed over to devils who herd them down into hell on the right the composition therefore has a circular pattern of movement often the damned disappear into a hellmouth the mouth of a huge monster an image of anglo saxon origin the damned often include figures of high rank wearing crowns mitres and often the papal tiara during the lengthy periods when there were antipopes or in protestant depictions there may be detailed depictions of the torments of the damned last judgment russia 18th century the most famous renaissance depiction is michelangelo buonarroti s the last judgment in the sistine chapel included in this fresco is his self portrait as st bartholomew s flayed skin 67 the image in eastern orthodox icons has a similar composition but usually less space is devoted to hell and there are often a larger number of scenes the orthodox readiness to label figures with inscriptions often allows more complex compositions there is more often a large group of saints around christ which may include animals and the hetoimasia or empty throne containing a cross is usually shown below christ often guarded by archangels figures representing adam and eve may kneel below it or below christ a distinctive feature of the orthodox composition especially in russian icons is a large band leading like a chute from the feet of christ down to hell this may resemble a striped snake or be a river of fire coloured flame red if it is shown as a snake it attempts to bite adam on the heel but as he is protected by christ is unsuccess...
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