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f seven deadly sins evolved further as shown by historical context based on the latin language of the roman catholic church though with significant influence from the greek language and associated religious traditions knowledge of this concept is evident in various treatises in paintings and sculpture for example architectural decorations on churches in some catholic parishes and in some older textbooks 1 further knowledge has been derived from patterns of confession during later centuries and in modern times the idea of sins especially seven in number has influenced or inspired various streams of religious and philosophical thought fine art painting and modern popular media such as literature film and television history edit an allegorical image depicting the human heart subject to the seven deadly sins each represented by an animal clockwise toad avarice snake envy lion wrath snail sloth pig gluttony goat lust peacock pride with reference to the seven deadly sins evil thoughts can be categorized as follows 3 physical thoughts produced by the nutritive sexual and acquisitive appetites emotional thoughts produced by depressive irascible or dismissive moods mental thoughts produced by jealous boastful or hubristic states of mind the fourth century monk evagrius ponticus reduced the logismoi or forms of temptation from nine to eight in number as follows 4 5 γαστριμαργία gastrimargia gluttony πορνεία porneia prostitution fornication φιλαργυρία philargyria greed λύπη lypē sadness rendered in the philokalia as envy sadness at another s good fortune ὀργή orgē wrath ἀκηδία akēdia acedia apathy neglect or indifference rendered in the philokalia as de jection κενοδοξία kenodoxia boasting ὑπερηφανία hyperēphania pride sometimes rendered as self overestimation arrogance or grandiosity 6 evagrius s list was translated into the latin of western christianity in many writings of john cassian 7 8 one of evagrius s students the list thus became part of the western tradition s spiritual pietas or catholic devotions as follows 3 gula gluttony luxuria fornicatio lust fornication avaritia greed avarice tristitia sorrow despondency ira wrath acedia sloth vanagloria vanity vainglory superbia pride khyberia despair in ad 590 pope gregory i revised this list into the form that has become common 9 he combined tristitia with acedia combined vanagloria with superbia and added envy which is invidia in latin 10 11 pope gregory s list corresponds to the traits described in pirkei avot as removing one from the world 12 13 thomas aquinas uses and defends gregory s list in his summa theologica although he calls them the capital sins because they are the head and form of all the other sins 14 christian denominations such as the anglican communion 15 lutheran church 16 and methodist church 17 still retain this list modern evangelists such as billy graham have explicated it 18 definitions and perspectives edit according to henry edward manning a catholic prelate the seven deadly sins are seven ways to eternal death or hell 19 the lutheran divine martin chemnitz who contributed to the development of lutheran systematic theology implored clergy to remind faithful congregations about the seven deadly sins 20 in order of increasing severity according to pope gregory i the seven deadly sins are as follows lust edit main article lust lust or lechery is intense longing it is usually viewed as intense or unbridled sexual desire 21 which may lead to adultery rape bestiality or other sinful and sexual acts lust can also denote other forms of unbridled desire such as for money or power henry edward manning explains that the impurity of lust transforms one into a slave of the devil 19 lust is generally thought to be the mildest capital sin 22 23 thomas aquinas considers it an abuse of a faculty that humans share with animals and sins of the flesh are less grievous than spiritual sins 24 gluttony edit main article gluttony still life excess albert anker 1896 gluttony is the overindulgence and overconsumption of anything to the point of excess the word derives from the latin gluttire meaning to gulp down or to swallow 25 one reason for condemning gluttony is that gorging by prosperous people may leave needy people hungry 26 medieval theologians such as thomas aquinas took a more expansive view of gluttony 26 arguing that it could also include an obsessive anticipation of meals as well as overindulgence in delicacies and costly foods aquinas listed five forms of gluttony 27 laute eating too expensively studiose eating too daintily nimis eating too much praepropere eating too soon ardenter eating too eagerly greed edit main article greed the worship of mammon 1909 by evelyn de morgan in the words of henry edward manning avarice plunges a man deep into the mire of this world so that he makes it to be his god 19 greed or avarice as it came to be known has many forms when pope gregory i revised the sins he defined greed as treachery fraud deceit perjury restlessness violence and hardnesses of heart against compassion this definition would evolve into the modern interpretation outside christian writings greed is an inordinate desire to acquire or possess more than one needs especially with respect to material wealth 28 aquinas believed that greed like pride can lead to evil 29 sloth edit main article sloth deadly sin parable of the wheat and the tares 1624 by abraham bloemaert walters art museum sloth refers to many related ideas dating from antiquity and includes spiritual mental and physical states 30 the definition has changed considerably since it was first recognized as a sin today it can be defined as the absence of interest in or habitual disinclination to exertion 31 originally however christian theologians believed it to be a lack of care for performing spiritual duties in his summa theologica saint thomas aquinas defined sloth as sorrow about spiritual good 29 the scope of sloth is wide 30 in a spiritual sense acedia first referred to an affliction attending religious persons especially monks wherein they became indifferent to their duties and obligations to god in a mental sense acedia has a number of distinctive components the most important of these is affectlessness a lack of any feeling about self or other a mind state that gives rise to boredom rancor apathy and a passive inert or sluggish mentation in a physical sense acedia is fundamentally associated with a cessation of motion and an indifference to work the sin finds expression in laziness idleness and indolence 30 sloth includes ceasing to use the seven gifts of grace given by the holy spirit these gifts are wisdom understanding counsel knowledge piety fortitude and fear of the lord such disregard may lead to slower spiritual progress towards eternal life neglect of multiple duties of charity towards a neighbor and animosity towards those who love god 19 the other deadly sins are sins of committing immorality by contrast sloth is a sin of avoiding responsibilities the sin may arise from any of the other capital vices for example a son may avoid his duty to his father because of anger the state and habit of sloth is a mortal sin but the habit of the soul tending towards the last mortal state of sloth is not mortal in and of itself except under certain circumstances 19 emotionally and cognitively the evil of acedia or sloth finds expression in a lack of feeling for the world the people in it or the self acedia takes form as an alienation of the sentient self first from the world and then from itself the most profound versions of this condition are found in a withdrawal from all forms of participation in or care for others or oneself nevertheless a lesser yet more harmful element was also noted by theologians gregory the great asserted that from tristitia there arise malice rancour cowardice and despair chaucer also dealt with this attribute of acedia reckoning the characteristics of the sin to include despair somnolence idleness tardiness negligence laziness and wrawnesse the last variously translated as anger or better as peevishness for chaucer human sin consists in languishing and holding back refusing to undertake works of goodness because people tell themselves the circumstances surrounding the establishment of good are too grievous and too difficult to suffer acedia in chaucer s view is thus the enemy of every source and motive for work 32 according to stanford lyman sloth subverts the maintenance of the body taking no care for its daily needs sloth also slows down the mind diverting its attention away from important matters sloth hinders a person in moral undertakings and it thus becomes a significant source of a person s ruin 32 wrath edit main article wrath wrath by jacques de l ange wrath can be defined as uncontrolled feelings of anger rage and even hatred wrath often reveals itself in the wish to seek vengeance 33 according to the catechism of the catholic church the neutral act of anger becomes the sin of wrath when it is directed against an innocent person when it is unduly strong or long lasting or when it desires excessive punishment if anger reaches the point of a deliberate desire to kill or seriously wound a neighbor it is gravely against charity it is a mortal sin hatred is the sin of desiring that someone else may suffer misfortune or evil and it is a mortal sin when one desires grave harm 34 people feel angry when they sense that they or someone they care about has been offended when they are certain about the nature and cause of the angering event when they are certain someone else is responsible and when they feel that they can still influence the situation or cope with it 35 henry edward manning considers that angry people are slaves to themselves 19 envy edit main article envy envy is characterized by an insatiable desire such as greed and lust it can be described as a sad or resentful covetousness towards the traits or possessions of another person envy stems from vainglory 36 and cuts a person off from their neighbor 19 according to st thomas aquinas the struggle aroused by envy has three stages during the first stage the envious person attempts to lower another person s reputation in the middle stage the envious person receives either joy at another s misfortune if he succeeds in defaming the other person or grief at another s prosperity if he fails the third stage is hatred because sorrow causes hatred 37 bertrand russell said that envy was one of the most potent causes of unhappiness bringing sorrow to committers of envy while giving them the urge to inflict pain upon others 38 pride edit main article pride detail of pride from the seven deadly sins and the four last things by hieronymus bosch c 1500 pride is known as hubris from the ancient greek ὕβρις or futility it is considered the original and worst of the seven deadly sins the most demonic on almost every list 39 pride is also thought to be the source of the other capital sins pride is viewed as the opposite of humility 40 41 c s lewis writes in mere christianity that pride is the anti god state the position in which the ego and the self are directly opposed to god unchastity anger greed drunkenness and all that are mere fleabites in comparison it was through pride that lucifer became wicked pride leads to every other vice it is the complete anti god state of mind 42 pride is understood to sever the human spirit from god as well as from the life and grace given by god s presence 19 a person can be prideful for different reasons author ichabod spencer states that spiritual pride is the worst kind of pride if not worst snare of the devil the heart is particularly deceitful on this one thing 43 jonathan edwards wrote remember that pride is the worst viper that is in the heart the greatest disturber of the soul s peace and sweet communion with christ it was the first sin that ever was and lies lowest in the foundation of lucifer s whole building and is the most difficultly rooted out and is the most hidden secret and deceitful of all lusts and often creeps in insensibly into the midst of religion and sometimes under the disguise of humility 44 modern use of the term pride may be captured in the biblical proverb pride goeth before destruction a haughty spirit before a fall which is abbreviated as pride goeth before a fall in proverbs 16 18 the pride that blinds causes foolish actions against common sense 45 in political analysis hubris is often used to describe how powerful leaders become irrationally self confident and contemptuous of advice over time leading them to act impulsively 45 historical sins edit acedia edit main article acedia acedia mosaic basilica of notre dame de fourvière acedia is neglecting to take care of something that one should do the term can be translated as apathetic listlessness or depression it is related to melancholy acedia describes the behaviour and melancholy suggests the emotion producing it in early christian thought the lack of joy was regarded as a willful refusal to enjoy the goodness of god by contrast apathy was considered a refusal to help others in times of need acēdia is the negative form of the greek term κηδεία kēdeia which has a more restricted usage kēdeia refers specifically to spousal love and respect for the dead 46 pope gregory combined acedia with tristitia to form sloth in his list when thomas aquinas considered acedia in his interpretation of this list he described it as an uneasiness of the mind which was a progenitor for lesser sins such as restlessness and instability 47 acedia is currently defined in the catechism of the catholic church as spiritual sloth believing spiritual tasks to be too difficult 48 in the fourth century christian monks believed that acedia was primarily caused by a state of melancholia that caused spiritual detachment rather than laziness 49 vainglory edit main article vanity vainglory is unjustified boasting pope gregory viewed it as a form of pride so he merged vainglory into pride in his list of sins 10 vainglory is the progenitor of envy 36 professor kevin m clarke observes that vainglory is technically different from pride vainglory is when we seek human acclaim while pride is taking spiritual credit for what i ve done instead of ascribing one s good deeds to god 50 the latin term gloria roughly means boasting although its english cognate glory has come to have an exclusively positive meaning historically the term vain meant roughly futile a meaning retained in the modern expression in vain but by the fourteenth century vain had come to have the strong narcissistic undertones that it retains today 51 patterns of confession edit further information confession religion according to a 2009 study by the jesuit scholar fr roberto busa the most common deadly sin confessed by men is lust and the most common deadly sin confessed by women is pride 52 it is unclear whether these differences were due to the actual number of transgressions commit...
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