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tal population 26 however these numbers do not include ethnic tajiks who for a variety of reasons choose to identify themselves as uzbeks in population census forms 27 during the soviet uzbekisation supervised by sharof rashidov the head of the uzbek communist party tajiks had to choose either to stay in uzbekistan and be registered as uzbek in their passports or to leave the republic for the less developed agricultural and mountainous tajikistan 28 the uzbekisation movement ended in 1924 29 in tajikistan tajiks constitute 80 of the population and the language dominates in most parts of the country some tajiks in gorno badakhshan in south eastern tajikistan where the pamir languages are the native languages of most residents are bilingual tajiks are the dominant ethnic group in northern afghanistan as well and are also the majority group in scattered pockets elsewhere in the country particularly in urban areas such as kabul mazar i sharif kunduz ghazni and herat tajiks constitute between 25 and 35 of the total population of the country in afghanistan the dialects spoken by ethnic tajiks are written using the persian alphabet and referred to as dari along with the dialects of other groups in afghanistan such as the hazaragi and aimaq dialects approximately 48 58 of afghan citizens are native speakers of dari 30 a large tajik speaking diaspora exists owing to the instability that has plagued central asia in recent years with significant numbers of tajiks found in russia kazakhstan and beyond this tajik diaspora is also the result of the poor state of the economy of tajikistan each year approximately one million men leave tajikistan to find employment in russia 31 dialects edit tajik dialects can be roughly divided into the following groups northern dialects northern tajikistan bukhara samarkand kyrgyzstan and the varzob valley region of dushanbe 32 central dialects dialects of the upper zarafshan valley 32 southern dialects south and east of dushanbe kulob and the rasht region of tajikistan 32 southeastern dialects dialects of the darvoz region and the amu darya near rushon 32 the dialect used by the bukharan jews of central asia is known as the bukhori dialect and belongs to the northern dialect grouping it is chiefly distinguished by the inclusion of hebrew terms principally religious vocabulary and the historical use of the hebrew alphabet despite these differences bukhori is readily intelligible to other tajik speakers particularly speakers of northern dialects a very important moment in the development of contemporary tajik especially of the spoken language is the tendency towards a change in its dialectal orientation the dialects of northern tajikistan were the foundation of the prevalent standard tajik while the southern dialects did not enjoy either popularity or prestige now all politicians and public officials make their speeches in the kulob dialect which is also used in broadcasting 33 phonology edit vowels edit the table below lists the six vowel phonemes in standard literary tajik letters from the tajik cyrillic alphabet are given first followed by ipa transcription local dialects frequently have more than the six seen below tajik vowels 34 front central back close и ӣ i у u mid е e̞ ӯ ɵ̞ o̞ open а a æ о ɔ in northern and uzbek dialects classical o̞ has shifted forward in the mouth to ɵ̞ in central and southern dialects classical o̞ has shifted upward and merged into u 35 in the zarafshon dialect earlier u has shifted to y or ʊ however u from earlier ɵ remained possibly due to influence from yaghnobi 36 the open back vowel has varyingly been described as mid back o̞ 37 38 ɒ 39 ɔ 7 and ɔː 40 it is analogous to early new classical and dari afghan persian ā and iranian persian â i e long a however it is standardly not a back vowel 41 the vowel ӣ ӣ usually represents a stressed i at the end of a word however not all instances of ӣ ӣ are stressed as can be seen with the second person singular suffix ӣ remaining unstressed the vowels i u and a may be reduced to ə in unstressed syllables consonants edit the tajik language contains 24 consonants 16 of which form contrastive pairs by voicing б п в ф д т з с ж ш ҷ ч г к ғ х 34 the table below lists the consonant phonemes in standard literary tajik letters from the tajik cyrillic alphabet are given first followed by ipa transcription labial dental alveolar post alv palatal velar uvular glottal nasal м m н n stop affricate voiceless п p т t ч tʃ к k қ q ъ ʔ voiced б b д d ҷ dʒ г ɡ fricative voiceless ф f с s ш ʃ х χ ҳ h voiced в v з z ж ʒ ғ ʁ approximant л l й j trill р r at least in the dialect of bukhara ч ч and ҷ ҷ are pronounced tɕ and dʑ respectively with ш ш and ж ж also being ɕ and ʑ 42 word stress edit word stress generally falls on the first syllable in finite verb forms and on the last syllable in nouns and noun like words 34 examples of where stress does not fall on the last syllable are adverbs like бале bale meaning yes and зеро zero meaning because stress also does not fall on enclitics nor on the marker of the direct object grammar edit main article tajik grammar the word order of tajiki persian is subject object verb tajik persian grammar is similar to the classical persian grammar and the grammar of modern varieties such as iranian persian 43 the most notable difference between classical persian grammar and tajik persian grammar is the construction of the present progressive tense in each language in tajik the present progressive form consists of a present progressive participle from the verb истодан istodan to stand and a cliticised form of the verb acт ast to be 7 ман man i мактуб maktub letter навишта navišta write истода ам istoda am be ман мактуб навишта истода ам man maktub navišta istoda am i letter write be i am writing a letter in iranian persian the present progressive form consists of the verb دار dār to have followed by a conjugated verb in either the simple present tense the habitual past tense or the habitual past perfect tense 44 من man i دارم dār am have کار kār work می کنم mē kun am do من دارم کار می کنم man dār am kār mē kun am i have work do i am working nouns edit nouns are not marked for grammatical gender although they are marked for number two forms of grammatical number exist in tajik singular and plural the plural is marked by either the suffix ҳо ho or он on with contextual variants ён yon and гон gon although arabic loan words do use arabic forms thus forming irregular plurals there is no definite article but the indefinite article exists in the form of the number one як yak and е e the first positioned before the noun and the second joining the noun as a suffix when a noun is used as a direct object it is marked by the suffix ро ro e g рустамро задам rustam ro zadam i hit rustam this direct object suffix is added to the word after any plural suffixes the form ро can be literary or formal in older forms of the persian language ро could indicate both direct and indirect objects and some phrases used in modern persian and tajik have maintained this suffix on indirect objects as seen in the following example худоро шукр خدا را شکر xudoro šukr thank god modern persian does not use the direct object marker as a suffix on the noun but rather as a stand alone morpheme 34 prepositions edit simple prepositions tajik english аз az from through across ба ba to бар bar on upon onto бе be without бо bo with дар dar at in то to up to as far as until чун čun like as vocabulary edit tajik is conservative in its vocabulary retaining numerous terms that have long since fallen into disuse in iran and afghanistan such as арзиз ارزیز arziz tin and фарбеҳ فربه farbeh fat most modern loan words in tajik come from russian as a result of tajikistan s position within the soviet union the vast majority of these russian loanwords have entered the tajik language through the fields of socioeconomics technology and government where most of the concepts and vocabulary have been borrowed from russian the introduction of russian loanwords into tajik was largely justified under soviet policy of modernisation and the necessary subordination of all languages to russian for the achievement of a communist state 45 vocabulary also comes from the geographically close uzbek language and as is usual in islamic countries from arabic since the late 1980s an effort has been made to replace loanwords with native equivalents using either old terms that had fallen out of use or coined terminology including from iranian persian many of the coined terms for modern items such as гармкунак گرم کنک garmkunak heater and чангкашак چنگ کشک čangkašak vacuum cleaner differ from their afghan and iranian equivalents adding to the difficulty in intelligibility between tajik and other forms of persian citation needed in the table below persian refers to the standard language of iran which differs somewhat from the dari persian of afghanistan two other iranian languages pashto and kurdish kurmanji and sorani have also been included for comparative purposes tajik моҳ moh нав nav модар modar хоҳар xohar шаб šab бинӣ binī се se сиёҳ siyoh сурх surx зард zard сабз sabz гург gurg other iranian languages persian ماه māh نَو naw now مادَر mādar خْواهَر xwāhar شَب šab بِینِی bīnī سِه si se سِياه siyāh سُرْخ surx sorx زَرْد zard سَبْز sabz گُرْگ gurg gorg pashto مْیاشْت myâsht نٙوَی نٙوَے nəway مور mor خور xor ښْپَه shpa پوزَه poza دْرې dre تور tor سُور sur زْیَړ zyaṛ شِين زٙرْغُون shin zərghun لېوٙه لېوۀ lewə kurdish kurmanji meh nû dê xwîşk şev poz sisê sê reş sor zer kesk gur kurdish sorani mang nwê dayik xoşk şew lût sê reş sûr zerd sewz gurg other indo european languages english month new mother sister night nose three black red yellow green wolf armenian ամիս amis նոր nor մայր mayr քույր k uyr գիշեր gišer քիթ k it երեք yerek սև sev կարմիր karmir դեղին deġin կանաչ kanač գայլ gayl sanskrit मास māsa नव nava मातृ mātr̥ स्वसृ svasr̥ नक्त nakta नास nāsa त्रि tri श्याम śyāma रुधिर rudhira पीत pīta हरित harita वृक vr̥ka russian месяц mesjac новый novyj мать matʹ сестра sestra ночь nočʹ нос nos три tri чёрный čërnyj красный рыжий krasnyj ryžij жёлтый žëltyj зелёный zelënyj волк volk writing system edit main article tajik alphabet tajik assr 1929 coat of arms with tajik language in perso arabic script جمهوريت اجتماعی شوروى مختار تاجيكستان current script ҷумҳурият иҷтимоӣ шӯравӣ мухтор тоҷикистон in tajikistan and other countries of the former soviet union tajik persian is currently written in the cyrillic script although it was written in the latin script from 1928 and in the arabic alphabet prior to 1928 in the tajik soviet socialist republic the use of the latin script was later replaced in 1939 by the cyrillic script 46 the tajik alphabet added six additional letters to the cyrillic script inventory and these additional letters are distinguished in tajik orthography by the use of diacritics 47 history edit according to many scholars the new persian language which subsequently evolved into the persian forms spoken in iran afghanistan and tajikistan developed in transoxiana and khorasan in what are today parts of afghanistan iran uzbekistan and tajikistan while new persian was descended primarily from middle persian it also incorporated substantial elements of other iranian languages of ancient central asia such as sogdian citation needed following the islamic conquest of iran and most of central asia in the 8th century ad arabic for a time became the court language and persian and other iranian languages were relegated to the private sphere in the 9th century ad following the rise of the samanids whose state was centred around the cities of bukhara buxoro samarqand and herat and covered much of uzbekistan tajikistan afghanistan and north eastern iran new persian emerged as the court language and swiftly displaced arabic new persian became the lingua franca of central asia for centuries although it eventually lost ground to the chaghatai language in much of its former domains as a growing number of turkic tribes moved into the region from the east since the 16th century ad tajik has come under increasing pressure from neighbouring turkic languages once spoken in areas of turkmenistan such as merv tajik is today virtually non existent in that country uzbek has also largely replaced tajik in most areas of modern uzbekistan the russian empire in particular implemented turkification among tajiks in ferghana and samarqand replacing the dominant language in those areas with uzbek 48 nevertheless tajik persisted in pockets notably in samarqand bukhara and surxondaryo region as well as in much of what is today tajikistan the creation of the tajik soviet socialist republic within the soviet union in 1929 helped to safeguard the future of tajik as it became an official language of the republic alongside russian still substantial numbers of tajik speakers remained outside the borders of the republic mostly in the neighbouring uzbek soviet socialist republic which created a source of tension between tajiks and uzbeks neither samarqand nor bukhara was included in the nascent tajik ssr despite their immense historical importance in tajik history after the creation of the tajik ssr a large number of ethnic tajiks from the uzbek ssr migrated there particularly to the region of the capital dushanbe exercising a substantial influence on the republic s political cultural and economic life the influence of this influx of ethnic tajik immigrants from the uzbek ssr is most prominently manifested in the fact that literary tajik is based on their north western dialects of the language rather than the central dialects that are spoken by the natives in the dushanbe region and adjacent areas after the fall of the soviet union and tajikistan s independence in 1991 the government of tajikistan has made substantial efforts to promote the use of tajik in all spheres of public and private life tajik is gaining ground among the once russified upper classes and continues its role as the vernacular of the majority of the country s population there has been a rise in the number of tajik publications increasing contact with media from iran and afghanistan after decades of isolation under the soviets as well as governmental orientation towards a persianization of the language have brought tajik and the other persian dialects closer together see also edit tajikistan portal language portal academy of persian language and literature bukhori judeo tajik dialect iranian peoples iranian studies list of persian poets and authors list of tajik musicians tajik alphabet surudi milli help ipa persian references edit notes endonym забони тоҷикӣ zaboni tojikī pronounced zɐˈbɔni tʰɔdʒiˈkʰi tajik форсии тоҷикӣ forsii tojikī pronounced fɔɾˈsiji tʰɔdʒiˈkʰi citations tajik language at ethnologue 28th ed 2025 tajik lazard g 1989 halimov 1974 30 31 gafforov 1979 33 studies pertaining to the association between tajik and persian include amanova 1991 ...
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