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r of global genomes below is a chart showing the number of times by ethnicity that a pashtun genome was a nearest neighbor of that ethnicity so e g returning to norway column 7 there are 3 norwegian genomes that have a pashtun nearest neighbor and so column 7 has a height of 3 more generally the chart is produced by running the nearest neighbor algorithm on every genome in the dataset and if a given genome maps to a pashtun genome we increment the applicable column for the genome s ethnicity e g norway column 7 there are 20 norwegian genomes so of norwegian genomes map to pashtuns who are generally located in central asia in particular afghanistan this seems far but in the full context of human history it s really not especially given known migrations which covered nearly the whole planet the chart above is not normalized to show percentages and instead shows the integer number of pashtun nearest neighbors for each column however it turns out that a significant percentage of genomes in ethnicities all over the world map to the pashtuns which is just not true generally of other ethnicities that is it seems the pashtuns are a source population or closely related to that source population of a significant number of people globally this is shown in the chart below which is normalized by dividing each column by the number of genomes in that column s population producing a percentage as you can see a significant percentage of europeans e g finland norway and sweden columns 6 7 and 8 respectively east asians e g japan and mongolia columns 4 and 44 respectively and africans e g kenya and tanzania columns 46 and 70 respectively have genomes that are closest to pashtuns further the average match count to a pashtun genome over this chart is so these are plainly meaningful nearly identical matches finally these pashtun genomes that are turning up as nearest neighbors are heterogeneous that is it s not the case that a single pashtun genome is popping up globally and instead multiple distinct pashtun genomes are popping up globally as nearest neighbors one not so plausible explanation that i think should be addressed is the greco bactrian kingdom which overlaps quite a bit with the geography of the pashtuns the hypothesis would be that ancient greeks brought european mtdna to the pashtuns maybe but i don t think alexander the great made it to japan so we need a different hypothesis to explain the global distribution of pashtun mtdna all of this is instead consistent with what i ve called the migration back hypothesis which is that humanity begins in africa migrates to asia and then migrates back to africa and europe and further into east asia this is a more general hypothesis that many populations including the pashtuns migrated back from asia to africa and europe and extended their presence into east asia the question is can we also establish that humanity began in africa using these and other similar methods astonishingly the answer is yes and this is discussed at some length in a summary on mtdna that i ve written local alignment algorithm for mtdna january 6 2026 january 6 2026 erdosfan leave a comment the vast majority of my work in mtdna has focused on global alignments because of the unbelievable efficiency this creates even when working on consumer devices however i ve basically exhausted the topic of global alignments so i ve started to focus on local alignments to further support my research that is i m going to second guess my work using local alignments to see if i get the same results so far that is exactly the case using the attached local alignment algorithm which is very straight forward specifically it takes a given input genome and compares it to a comparison genome by taking 500 bases at a time and searching one by one for the index of the comparison genome where the match count between those 500 bases from the input genome is maximized when compared to the comparison genome it does so for all 500 base segments of the input genome producing a starting index for each such 500 base segment of the input genome that is mapped to the comparison genome i e an alignment and a total match count using that alignment it is incomparably slower than my global alignment algorithm which takes just 0 02 seconds to the find the nearest neighbor of an input genome over a dataset of approximately 650 whole mtdna genomes which is obviously really useful since it s so fast in contrast the local alignment algorithm takes 1 hour to find the nearest neighbor of an input genome over the same dataset this is obviously much less useful for discovery purposes but my plan is to use it as further evidence for the histories i uncovered using mostly autonomous extremely fast global alignment methods upon reflection the gist is global alignment methods are so fast they allow for high volume autonomous discovery that can then be more carefully considered using local alignments here s the code more to come soon local_alignment download a fundamental problem with the double slit experiment december 29 2025 december 29 2025 erdosfan leave a comment i noticed a while back that the purported quantum mechanical explanations for the double slit experiment don t make any sense for a very simple reason generally people assume the velocity of light is fixed at c in contrast if we assume self interference for a photon then the photon must i change direction or ii change velocity or both otherwise there won t be any measurable effects of self interference barring even more exotic assumptions a diagram of the double slit experiment image courtesy of wikipedia we can rule out case ii since photons are generally assumed to travel at a constant velocity of c in a vacuum however case i produces exactly the same problem since if the photon changes direction due to self interference then the arrival time against the screen will imply a velocity of less than c since by definition the photon will not have followed a straight path from the gun to the screen this is the end of the story and i cannot believe that no one has pointed this out before we can instead posit a simple explanation for the purported interference pattern the photons scatter inside the slit i e bounce around which from our perspective is flat but from the perspective of a photon is instead a tunnel since the photon or other elementary particle is so small this will produce two distributions of scattering angles one for each slit which will overlap at certain places along the screen more than others producing a distribution of impact points that would otherwise look like a wave interference pattern this is much simpler isn t it and clearly a better explanation than some exotic nonsense about time and other realities that s not how you do science now it could be that there is some experiment that requires such exotic theories but i don t know of one not even the quantum eraser experiment all of these experiments have simple explanations and we ve developed a horrible unscientific habit of embracing exotic explanations for basic phenomena that is at this point suspicious given the military and economic value of science solution to the liar s paradox december 19 2025 december 19 2025 erdosfan leave a comment i don t remember the first time i heard about the liar s paradox but it was definitely in college because it came up in my computer theory classes in discussions on formal grammars as such i ve been thinking about it on and off for about 20 years wikipedia says that the first correct articulation of the liar s paradox is attributed to a greek philosopher named eubulides who stated it as follows a man says that he is lying is what he says true or false for purposes of this note i m going to distill that to the modern formulation of this statement is false as an initial matter we must accept that not all statements are capable of meaningful truth values for example shoe this is just a word that does not carry any intrinsic truth value nor is there any meaningful mechanical process that i can apply to the statement to produce a truth value contrast this with a and b where we know that a true and b false given the typical boolean and operator there is in this case a mechanical process that can be applied to the statement producing the output false now all of that said there is nothing preventing us from concocting a lookup table where e g the statement shoe is assigned the value true now consider the distilled liar s paradox again this statement is false there is no general mechanical process that will evaluate such a statement however it is plainly capable of producing a truth value since it simply asserts one for itself much like a lookup table typically this is introduced as producing a paradox because if we assume the truth value is false then the truth value of false is consistent with the truth value asserted in the statement generally speaking when assertion and observation are consistent we say the assertion is true and this is an instance of that as such the statement is true despite the fact that the statement itself asserts that it is false hence the famous paradox now instead approach the problem from the perspective of solving for the truth value rather than asserting the truth value this would look something like this statement is a where now we can consider the two possible values of if then the statement asserts a truth value that is consistent with the assumed truth value and there s nothing wrong with that if instead then we have a contradiction as noted above typically when engaging in mathematics contradictions are used to rule out possibilities applying that principle in this case yields the result that which resolves the paradox in summary not all statements are capable of mechanical evaluation and only a subset of those mechanically evaluable statements resolve to true or false this however does not prevent us from simply assigning a truth value to a statement whether by a lookup table or within the statement itself however if we do so we can nonetheless apply basic principles of logic and mathematics and if we adhere to them we can exclude certain purported truth values that are the result of mere assertion in this case such a process implies that a statement that asserts its own truth value is always true compton scattering december 16 2025 december 16 2025 erdosfan leave a comment introduction my work in physics relies heavily on the compton wavelength which as far as i know was introduced solely to explain compton scattering wikipedia introduces the compton wavelength as a quantum mechanical property of particles which is nonsense compton scattering instead plainly demonstrates the particle nature of both light and electrons since the related experiment literally pings an electron with an x ray causing both particles to scatter just like billiard balls i obviously have all kinds of issues with quantum mechanics which i no longer think is physically real but that s not the point of this note instead the point of the note is the implications of a more generalized form of the equation that governs compton scattering specifically arthur compton proposed the following formula to describe the phenomena he observed when causing x rays i e photons to collide with electrons where is the wavelength of the photon after scattering is the wavelength of the photon before scattering is planck s constant is the mass of an electron is the velocity of light and is the scattering angle of the photon note that which is the compton wavelength is a constant in this case but we will treat it as a variable below for intuition if the inbound photon literally bounces straight back at then evaluates to maximizing the function at note that is the difference between the wavelength of the photon before and after collision and so in the case of a bounce back the photon loses the most energy possible i e the wavelength becomes maximally longer after collision decreasing energy see planck s equation for more in contrast if the photon scatters in a straight line effectively passing through the electron at an angle of then implying that that is the photon loses no energy at all in this case this all makes intuitive sense in that in the former case the photon presumably interacts to the maximum possible extent with the electron losing the maximum energy possible causing it to recoil at a angle like a ball thrown straight at a wall in contrast if the photon effectively misses the electron then it loses no energy at all and simply continues onward in a straight line i e a angle all of this makes sense and as you can see it has nothing to do with quantum mechanics which again i think is basically fake at this point treating mass as a variable in the previous section we treated the compton wavelength as a constant since we were concerned only with photons colliding with electrons but we can consider the equation as a specific instance of a more general equation that is a function of some variable mass now this obviously has some unstated practical limits since you probably won t get the same results bouncing a photon off of a macroscopic object but we can consider e g heavier leptons like the tau particle this allows us to meaningfully question the equation and if it holds generally as a function of mass it could provide an insight into why this specific equation works most importantly for me i have an explanation that is consistent with the notion of a horizontal particle that i developed in my paper a computational model of time dilation 1 so let s assume that the more general following form of equation holds as a function of mass clearly as we increase the mass we will decrease for any value of so let s fix to simplify matters implying that the photon bounces right back to its source the fundamental question is why would the photon lose less energy as a function of the mass with which it interacts i think i have an explanation that actually translates well macroscopically imagine a wall of a fixed size reasonably large enough so that it can be reliably struck by a ball traveling towards it let s posit a mass so low again nonetheless of a fixed size that the impact of the ball actually causes the wall to be displaced if the wall rotates somewhat like a pinwheel then it could strike the ball multiple times and each interaction could independently reduce the energy of the ball this example clearly does not work for point particles though it could work for waves and it certainly does work for horizontal particles for which the energy or mass depending upon whether it is a photon or a massive particle is spread about a line you can visualize this as a set of sequential beads of energy mass this would give massive particles a literal wavelength and cause a massive particle to occupy a volume over time when randomly rotating increasing the probability of multiple interactions for intuition imagine randomly rota...
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