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rganism being regulated the more energy the regulator will need to consume when what is being regulated is the consumption of energy a contradiction emerges progressively more energy needs to be consumed to reduce the consumption of energy there is thus a ceiling on vastness and complexity and a floor on reducing consumption it is not the finiteness of resource stocks but the fragility of self organized natural cycles that we have to fear unfortunately the services provided by these cycles are part of the global commons they are priceless yet free markets play no role in the allocation of these resources there is no built in mechanism to ensure that supply will grow to meet demand indeed there is every chance that the supply of environmental services will dwindle in the coming decades as the demand generated by population growth and economic growth grows exponentially robert u ayres 1998 ayres highlighted another fly in the built in mechanism ointment to be fair solow did acknowledge the externality flaw in the price system fixing the flaw he assured would be simple and virtually painless the flaw can be corrected either by the simple expedient of regulating the discharge of wastes to the environment by direct control or by the slightly more complicated device of charging special prices user taxes to those who dispose of wastes in air or water what stands between us and a decent environment is not the curse of industrialization not an unbearable burden of cost but just the need to organize ourselves consciously to do some simple and knowable things now that we know how that organizing ourselves consciously has turned out couldn t we please have a built in mechanism to do that part too what if there is a built in mechanism in the price and profit system that militates against the social capacity to organize ourselves consciously to do some simple and knowable things finally even if there was a built in self stabilizing market mechanism it s interaction with natural systems may not lead to the gradual advance adjustment that solow conjectured we identify and prove that the interaction between a stable natural system and a self stabilizing market mechanism can lead to cyclical or even chaotic behaviour a built in self stabilizing market mechanism will not always serve the function of stabilization under certain conditions it may increase the amplitude of fluctuations and have the effect of destabilization as demonstrated in this paper therefore by incorporating a self stabilizing market mechanism this model yields a result that contradicts solow s 1973 conjecture that the market mechanism will have the effect of smoothing the time path of the world economy hans gottinger 1998 posted by sandwichman at 11 28 am 0 comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest labels 2015 tuesday may 19 2015 mathiness growth and increasing returns the following was originally posted on ecological headstand in october 2012 under the title endogenous growth theory and ecological unequal exchange linkage displacement and deflection of diminishing returns paul romer s rant on mathiness has provoked a response from lars syll regarding the issue of increasing returns to scale which i discussed in this post what the late stephen g bunker wrote bears repeating the crucial difference between production and extraction is that the dynamics of scale in extractive economies function inversely to the dynamics of scale in the productive economies to which world trade connects them rather than repeat what bunker wrote though i m going to cite later a longer piece by nicholas kaldor from his 1985 hicks lecture that makes a somewhat similar point but first i want to present some background on an old debate and a new theory in december 1926 the economic journal published an article by piero sraffa dealing with that difficult branch of economic theory the theory of increasing returns over the next five years it published responses from cecil pigou g f shove lionel robbins and allyn young and in march 1930 a symposium on the topic by d h robertson sraffa and shrove almost exactly 60 years later in october 1986 the journal of political economy published paul d romer s increasing returns and long run growth an important contribution to so called new growth theory romer took his cue explicitly from young s 1928 paper increasing returns and economic progress and although he mentioned the precedents of adam smith s pin factory and alfred marshall s distinction between internal and external economies he skipped over the rest of the debate in which young s contribution had appeared critics have argued that romer s usage of increasing returns and external economies is not faithful to young s formulation in that it overlooked young s emphasis on the reciprocal relations between the division of labor and the feed back into aggregate demand as a requirement for growth neglected young s categorical rejection of the usefulness of walrasian general equilibrium models and wrested marshall s microeconomic concepts of internal and external economies out of his theory of value and price to serve as a basis for amending constant return production functions to exhibit increasing returns for the macroeconomy rima 2004 181 182 my concern here is with a more conspicuous omission in romer s analysis the distinction between increasing returns as characteristic of manufacturing and diminishing returns as dominant in agriculture and extractive industries young 1928 528 529 the words agriculture land and rent do not appear in romer s 1986 article when romer mentions diminishing returns it is only in the context of research activity or the limiting assumptions of classical conventional growth models but diminishing returns is a specific limitation not a generality that can be indiscriminately offset by increasing returns in a lecture given at harvard in 1974 what is wrong with economic theory kaldor explained that it is the income of the agricultural sector given the terms of trade that really determines the level and the rate of growth of industrial production according to the formula or in prose economic growth depends on either a relative reduction in the income of agriculture or increased demand from agriculture for industrial products and of course increased demand from agriculture implies increased agricultural production which at some point confronts the problem of diminishing returns in his 1985 hicks lecture kaldor explained the inverse dynamics of scale between industrial and agricultural areas parenthetically in terms of the differing manner of operation of perfect and imperfect competition the basic requirement of continued economic growth is that the various complementary sectors expand in due relationship with each other that is to say that general expansion is not held up by bottlenecks in key sectors however in the course of time under the influence of technical progress both of the natural resource saving and labour saving kind the requirements of expansion may become considerably modified in the manufacturing sector which becomes more important as real incomes rise there are considerable economies of scale as a result of which manufacturing activities are subject to a polarization process they are likely to develop in a few successful centres and their success has an inhibiting effect on similar developments in other areas the realisation of these economies of scale normally requires also that numerous processes of production which are related to each other are carried out in close geographical proximity as a result different regions experience unequal rates of growth of output and of population the industrial areas experience a growing demand for labour which may involve immigration from other areas once their own surplus labour is exhausted technological development in primary production on the other hand tends to be more labour saving than land saving so that the growth of output may go hand in hand with a falling demand for labour and though output per head may grow fast in real terms the level of wages will tend to remain low and may even be falling as a result of a growing surplus population since labour cost per unit of output is the most important factor in determining selling prices at any rate under competitive conditions the low wages prevailing in terms of industrial products will mean that the terms of trade will move unfavourably to primary producers which may be the main factor along with the low coefficient of labour utilisation for their state of under development characterised by low standards of living the important contrast which i regard as a major factor in the growing inequality of incomes between rich and poor countries resides in the fact that the benefit of labour saving technical progress in the primary sector tends to get passed on to the consumers in the secondary sector in lower prices whereas in the industrial sector its benefits are retained within the sector through higher wages and profits the main reason for this difference lies in the differing manner of operation of perfect and imperfect competition kaldor s parenthetical explanation suggests more than it reveals sraffa s 1926 discussion is the key to unpacking why kaldor specifies perfect competition as characteristic of primary production and associates imperfect competition with manufacturing industry the key determinants in that view are the shapes of the firms supply curves increasing or diminishing returns and the nature of external economies externality and ecological overshoot marshall s notion of external economies has gone through a series of modifications to become today s externalities pigou extended the concept beyond marshall s industrial agglomerations and distinguished between incidental uncharged disservices and incidental uncompensated services the former became known as negative externalities and the latter as positive externalities although typically it is the negative environmental externalities that are referred to simply as externalities there is a seeming but misleading symmetry to the two terms and a similarly illusory quality of reciprocity within each of them when a disservice is uncharged or a service is uncompensated there is a presumption that there might otherwise have been a whom to charge or to compensate and that the missing invoice could have been denominated in currency in other words the charging and compensating would appear to be a financial transaction between two parties both of whom must be assumed to be legal persons in reality the services or disservices performed may or may not be extremely indirect and the parties affected incredibly diffuse both in space and time mundane examples of factory soot and laundry hanging out to dry may be more mystification than illumination in the case of the external economies of increasing returns and diminishing returns respectively although they function inversely to one another it is a double inversion that ultimately produces parallel incentives to firms in manufacturing and agricultural or extractive industries in other words while firms in the manufacturing center are routinely considered to be the beneficiaries of external economies that generate increasing returns in the sense that they receive uncompensated services firms in the extractive periphery may also benefit from the externalization of diminishing returns in that they are able to avoid being charged for the environmental disservices they inflict in effect the cost of diminishing returns is first displaced to poor regions where it is then deflected onto society and the environment unequal exchange thus takes place that is to say in the global external economies behind the back so to speak of formal monetary transactions posted by sandwichman at 10 14 am 0 comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest labels 2015 sunday april 19 2015 viral gyro spiral we need campaign finance reform we do not need heroes who take meaningless flights of fancy marsha mercer richmond times dispatch have you ever wondered what politicians do with all that campaign finance money they don t keep it or at least not most of it they spend it on campaigning a lot of it on advertising which means buying time and space in the media including the richmond times dispatch that media is not going to bite the hand that feeds it is it so it s a bit rich when a columnist scolds a citizen for taking a meaningless flight of fancy what would marsha mercer do labelling doug hughes s gyrocopter flight meaningless is what mercer did so we don t really need to ask what she would do the job of the media is to spin and frame dissent as either trivial or terroristic in an oligarchy all dissent is either trivial or it is terror thus by definition no dissent can be meaningful in the sense of being both effectual and legitimate this is precisely the eye of the needle that hughes threaded with his marvelous stunt superficially it is about oligarchy and corruption of democracy by big money but more profoundly and metaphorically it is about the hermetically sealed closed air space over washington d c in his letter to all 535 members of congress hughes quoted john kerry on the corrosion of money in politics and it s contribution to the justifiable anger of the american people they know it they know we know it and yet nothing happens kerry went on to point out how the corruption of money in politics muzzles more americans than it empowers how does it do this well for one those same media outlets that profit from the spending of that corrupting money to buy advertising space also get to pass judgment on the wisdom or folly of dissenting speech sit down sit down sit down sit down sit down you re rocking the boat we need a lot more than campaign finance reform we do not need minders and muzzlers from the media to tell us what is meaningful and what is not posted by sandwichman at 11 42 pm 2 comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest labels 2015 older posts home subscribe to posts atom popular posts for the abolition of the wages system once more with feeling instead of the conservative motto a fair day s wage for a fair day s work they ought to i an open letter to paul krugman update june 13 2013 the earliest prototype of the lump of labor fallacy that i have now been able to document occurs in do the moon belongs to everyone dorning rasbotham esq was a friend of the poor nay from the bottom of his heart he was a friend of the poor he felt tenderly for th the incredible shrinking blog over the past few days the sandwichman has been downloading ecological headstand blog posts and reverting them to draft about three quarte viral gyro spiral we need campaign finance reform we do not need heroes who take meaningless flights of fancy marsha mercer rich is the economic system self adjusting john maynard ke...
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