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refers, borrowings, tell, fond, consistency, mix, ethnonyms, naming, clades, katu, brou, wishes, replace, eager, adopt, provided, justification, characterize, subgroups, 175, monograph, ɲrɔːŋ, thɤːn, flows, north, changing, kading, thirds, emptying, mekong, retained, universally, maps, literature, nam, noy, lao, main, tributary, confess, autonyms, necessarily, japonic, nihonjin, mɔl, mɔɯ, eliminates, nghê, mlengbrou, phoong, thémarou, atel, maleng, ahoe, ahlao, captures, essential, bifurcation, cheut, phong, việt, molic, recognize, thirty, オーディーン, 光子帆船スターライト, 1985, paid, misspelling, albeit, kōshi, hansen, sutāraito, photon, starlight, mentioned, تخليص, الابريز, تلخيص, باريز, 1834, titled, باريس, bārīs, bārī, takhliṣ, ibrīz, talkhīṣ, bārīz, rifa, tahtawi, naḥda, important, encountered, ḍād, rama, sita, siblings, tellings, ramayanas, thoughts, ramanujan, rāmāyaṇa, mahiṣāsura, ಮೈಸೂರು, include, kannada, mysore, cārvāka, leftovers, alone, nasals, protector, pāla, clusters, ciyāmalā, kōpālaṉ, சியாமலா, கோபாலன், feminine, śyāma, śyāmaḷa, gōpalan, ശ്യാമള, ഗോപാലൻ, rris, goddess, devanagari, dev

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style simplification of 門 as 门 监 prc style simplification of 監 擊 simplified as 𨊥 but without the horizontal stroke over 凵 2 two days ago i was surprised to see nanzhao referenced in a gi joe wiki entry on the oktober guard 3 yesterday i learned about the new tv series 境界戦機 amaim warrior at the borderline i would never have guessed that amaim is read as アメイン amein in japanese 4 yesterday i discovered that 聖闘士星矢 saint seiya is built into the windows 10 japanese ime somebody at microsoft is a manga anime fan probably quite a few somebodies 21 5 31 23 59 white ox 4 20 uni ai sair juri nyair white ox year four month twenty day 1 thanks to 戴忠沛 tai chung pui for letting me know that my seals 2021 keynote talk the prehistory of pyu is up on youtube along with many other talks 2 last night i was hesitant to commit to a late old chinese reading of 吐谷渾 tuyuhun since the 90s i ve belonged to the six vowel school of early middle old chinese i ə e e a o but over the years i ve changed my mind about how to bridge the gap between that system and the more complex vowel system of middle chinese there were of course no homogeneous old chinese or middle chinese languages the ideas here are intended as approximations of features common to bodies of dialects in different periods in late 2000 axel schuessler convinced me that the late old chinese vowel system was the product of warping or bending in what pulleyblank called type a syllables what i call higher series vowels bent into mid high vowel diphthongs early old chinese i ə u late old chinese type a syllables ei əɨ ou late old chinese type b syllables no change i ə u in what pulleyblank called type b syllables what i call lower series vowels bent into high nonhigh vowel diphthongs early old chinese e a o late old chinese type a syllables no change e a o late old chinese type b syllables ie ɨa uo but things get complicated after that the early old chinese rhyme un in middle chinese became something like on judging from sino korean and sino vietnamese on and probably sino japanese oɴ on as well but the case for that is more complicated exactly how did that happen the details may have varied from dialect to dialect here s a scenario that occurred to me yesterday early old chinese on became middle chinese wan phonetically on might have been ɔˁn if lower series vowels were like those of modern khalkha ɔˁn broke to ɔˁɒˁn and then shifted to wɑˁn eventually losing its pharyngealization at some point wɑn perhaps un in type a syllables underwent a similar series of changes ʊˁn ʊˁɔˁn wʌˁn wʌn corresponding to schuessler s uən which i used yesterday later wʌn became on and later still wɑn similarly became ɔn in liao chinese i considered the possibility that un in type a syllables became oun phonetically ɔˁʊˁn maybe i can combine my two proposed shifts of type a un ɔˁʊˁn and ʊˁɔˁn using metathesis ʊˁn ɔˁʊˁn ʊˁɔˁn wʌˁn wʌn if type a on underwent the same sorts of changes ɔˁn ɒˁɔˁn ɔˁɒˁn wɑˁn wɑn type a in and en did not undergo similar changes iˁn eˁiˁn eˁn en not jɛn at least not at the late old chinese or middle chinese stage eˁn en not jæn at least not at the late old chinese or middle chinese stage see svantesson 2003 155 on the pharyngealization of the khalkha lower series vowels a u o i think two series vowel systems are an areal feature of much of the altaic contact zone and chinese and tangut but not the rest of sino tibetan david boxenhorn has called into question whether pharyngealization is necessary for old chinese as i once thought but i m reconstructing it here anyway to push the parallel with khalkha to the limit 3 last night i saw a commercial for srixon ʹsɹɪksan i was surprised by initial sɹ in an english brand name tonight i learned that sri is from the acronym sri for sumitomo rubber industries ltd it s japanese english and has nothing to do with sanskrit śrī 4 the wikipedia article on sanskrit śrī lists versions in many languages one is chế the vietnamese transcription of honorific name prefix used among the cham ethnic minority that makes me wonder how close the vietnamization is to the modern cham form how close the modern cham form is to the sanskrit original what changes occurred between the borrowing into cham and the modern cham form 5 what is the origin of the name cantinflas is the resemblance to fortinbras coincidental 6 how old is the korean expression 파이팅 phaithing 화이팅 hwaithing from english fighting i m guessing it postdates the korean war 7 the cantonese expression 加油 add oil is a lot newer than i would have thought 8 i didn t know about finnish sisu until today 9 tonight i learned the kanji spellings 越歴 and 越歴機 for japanese エレキ ereki elekiter dutch elektriciteit which 平賀源内 hiraga gennai japanized as ゐれきせゑりていと wirekiseweriteito presumably irekiseːriteito why i and eː for dutch eː and i 21 5 30 23 59 white ox 4 19 uni ai sair par is nyair white ox year four month ten nine day 1 yesterday i realized that the late old chinese transcription 吐谷渾 tʰɔʔ juok ɣuən now pronounced tǔyùhún in mandarin might have represented an original tʰɔjɔʁɔn in tuyuhun the wikipedia article on the tuyuhun says when the chinese pilgrim monk songyun 宋雲 song yun visited the region in 518 he noted that the people had a written language which was more than a hundred years before thonmi sambhota is said to have returned from india after developing a script for writing the tibetan language and yesterday i finally got to see that written language but i would like to see the original quotation although an endnote cites yeshe de project staff 1986 i can t find any mention of the tuyuhun in the google books preview for that book not even under their tibetan name འ ཞ ha zha ɣaʑa which doesn t sound para mongolic 2 tonight kgmb reran rap s hawaii 1981 almost forty years after it originally aired here it was neat to see pidgin in closed captions though some of the dialogue was corrected into standard english mistranscribed or simply left out 21 5 29 17 39 white ox 4 18 uni ai sair par nyêm nyair white ox year four month ten eight day 1 back in 1996 alexander vovin introduced me to juha janhunen s 1994 hypothesis of the parhae script as the parent script of both the khitan large script and the jurchen large script in march of this year i learned of alexander vovin s two newly found xiōng nú inscriptions and their significance for the early linguistic history of central asia 2020 which made me realize that there could be a xiongnuic or greater sinitic family of northern chinese based scripts including the lost northern wei script as well as the barely attested parhae script and the much better attested the khitan large script and the jurchen large script and today 戴忠沛 tai chung pui brought to my attention this sample of what appears to be a heretofore unknown 吐谷渾 tuyuhun script at the grave of 慕容智 murong zhi 650 691 maybe i am missing the obvious but i don t see any exact matches with parhae khitan or jurchen characters at first glance other than the fifth character in line 1 a lookalike of the khitan large script phonogram ha i do however think the first two characters at the top right which recur in the second line on the left might be equivalent to chinese 周國 zhou state referring to 武則天 wu zetian s zhou dynasty 690 705 the second of those characters is like the khitan large script character state with an extra horizontal stroke the first character in the second line is similar to the khitan large script phonogram pa and jurchen pa the fourth character in the second line is similar to the khitan large script phonogram possibly ri or li corresponding to 里 li in chinese transcription the ninth character in the second line is similar to the khitan large script character gun used to write the sino khitan equivalent of liao chinese 軍 gün army 2 how did i not see arakawa shintarō s translation of viacheslav zaytsev s landmark 2012 paper on nova n176 until today 21 5 28 23 59 white ox 4 17 uni ai sair par nyair white ox year four month ten seven day 1 are there no desiderative verb forms in the digital corpus of sanskrit or am i doing something wrong i couldn t find any desiderative forms of bādh drive off more on this below gam go or kr̥ do i also can t find the other secondary verb forms causatives and intensives 2 according to goldman and sutherland s devavāṇīpraveśikā 1987 305 306 the desiderative stem of sanskrit ā roots is formed as follows partial reduplication of the root with i replacing ā no change in the root itself apart from sandhi rules suffixation of sa or iṣa examples jñā know ji jñā sa want to know snā bathe si ṣṇā sa want to bathe s becomes ṣ after i and n becomes ṇ after ṣ khād chew ci khād iṣa want to chew velars reduplicate as palatals so in theory bādh drive off bi bāt sa or bi bādh iṣa want to drive off dh devoices to t before voiceless s but according to whitney 1885 106 the verb has two possible desideratives the unsurprising bi bādh iṣa and the surprising b ī b a t sa with a long vowel in the reduplication and a short vowel in the root goldman and sutherland 1987 308 mention the derived noun bī bat sā loathing without commenting on its unusual form another stem with a long vowel in its reduplication is m ī māṁ sa investigate with an idiosyncratic meaning from man think man has an irregular lengthening of its vowel in the desiderative like a few other an and am roots whereas as far as i know the shortening of a in b a t is unique 5 29 0 09 n becomes ṁ before s hence man sa ma ṁ sa 5 29 16 39 monier williams says the desiderative of the desiderative of man is mi mā m iṣa want to investigate with a regular short vowel in mi and the third copy of the root reduced to m how many other sanskrit verbs have desideratives of desideratives is it possible to write rules for the formation of such tertiary forms 21 5 27 23 57 white ox 4 16 uni ai sair par nyair white ox year four month ten six day today i learned about the cjk tv series strangers6 the chinese wikipedia has some strange katakana spellings for the names of korean actors hanja romanization chinese wikipedia romanization expected katakana romanization 趙在炫 cho chae hyŏn ジャン ハンソン jan hanson チョ ジェヒョン cho jehyon 崔珉 chhoe min チェ グィファ che gwifa チェ ミン che min 柳承莞 yu sŭng wan チュ グィジョン chu gwijon ユ スンワン yu sunwan 金炳宣 kim pyŏng sŏn キム ビョンスン kimu byonsun キム ビョンソン kimu byonson 李秀英 yi su yŏng イ ソジョン i sojon イ スヨン i suyon 5 29 16 20 i suspect that in a couple of cases the katakana was based on english based romanizations ebr e g sŏn ebr sun スン sun su ebr soo ソ so but i can t explain the others 2 how did the portuguese man o war get its name 21 5 26 23 19 white ox 4 15 uni ai sair par tau nyair white ox year four month ten five day sorry i fell asleep before i could blog last night today i saw the google books preview of eric c rath s oishii the history of sushi 2021 rath says the kanji 寿司 for sushi might mean felicitious rule but instead are used solely for their sounds i was initially surprised by felicitious as 寿 normally represents sino japanese ju long life but i guess he got that from the native japanese reading kotobuki congratulations kotobuki less commonly kotohogi is from old japanese kətə pok i word pray for good outcome inf both modern forms are irregular i would expect kotohoki let s look at the irregularities b rendaku voicing at a morphemic boundary u possibly reflecting raising of pre old japanese o in medial position g i can t explain this i just learned from wiktionary that kotobuki as a surname can also be spelled 琴吹 harp blow back to sushi the word also has two logographic spellings and tonight i learned from wikipedia that they are regional 鮨 was the edo spelling and 鮓 was the osaka spelling how many such regional spellings are there and has there been any investigation of regional patterns in nôm spelling and back to rath who writes according to one hypothesis that dates to at least the end of the seventeenth century the japanese word sushi was derived from the word sui meaning sour tasting i wonder how many readers would think that sui somehow got a sh inserted into it to become a noun of course that s not what actually happened the reality is somewhat the other way the adjective originally had an attributive form su ki and a final predicative form su shi the source of the noun su ki x sour tasting x vs x su shi x is sour tasting su ki became su i via lenition su i came to be used for final predication as well as attribution rath ends that last sentence i quoted with a reference to a footnote that i can t see in the preview perhaps it explains that the noun sushi was from an old form su shi of the modern adjective su i the noun sushi is somewhat analogous to male shi names derived from adjectives e g yasushi yasu shi at ease shi shi is usually regarded as a final predication suffix but its early old japanese ancestor si can also be an attributive suffix and the attributive can function as a nominalizer e g na si ni not be attr loc lit in not being because there is no kojiki song 23 na si there takes the locative as if it were a noun for further discussion of old japanese si see vovin s grammar 2020 406 411 i regard names of the type yasushi as vestiges of si as a nominalizer next the accent of sushi 21 5 24 22 48 white ox 4 13 uni ai sair par nyair white ox year four month ten three day sorry another interruption in my series on the khitan small script character seven last night i found john kupchik s austronesian lights the the way the origins of the words for sun and other celestial vocabulary in old ryukyuan 2021 which debunks something i believed in for a long time the derivation of proto ryukyuan tenda sun okinawan tida from premodern sino japanese 天道 tendau id i already knew about a phonetic problem with that etymology the irregular sui generis correspondence of sj au to pr a instead of pr au but kupchik also notes a semantic problem sino japanese 天道 heaven road did not shift in meaning to sun until the late 16th century long after proto ryukyuan broke up so the resemblance between tenda and tendau is coincidental 21 5 23 23 56 white ox 4 12 uni ai sair par nyair white ox year four month ten two day in brief the pros and cons of reading the khitan small script character seven as dir kane 2009 193 d matches the d of khitan d a 313 seventh proto mongolic d ol u xa n seven and d al a n seventy janhunen 2003 17 and jurchen d alhon seventeen also matches the unaspirated t of the liao chinese transcription 迪烈 tiʔliêʔ for the name seven n liao chinese had no d so t was the best approximation it is even possible that khitan d was phonetically t if so then the liao chinese transcription perfectly matched the khitan initial i matches the i of the liao chinese transcription 迪烈 tiʔliêʔ but i would expect a on the basis of the other evidence above proto mongolic o in d o l u xa n is due to irregular labial assimilation with the following u contrast with d a l a n seventy which retains the original a and lacks a labial vowel tri...