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names of korean actors hanja romanization chinese wikipedia romanization expected katakana romanization 趙在炫 cho chae hyŏn ジャン ハンソン jan hanson チョ ジェヒョン cho jehyon 崔珉 chhoe min チェ グィファ che gwifa チェ ミン che min 柳承莞 yu sŭng wan チュ グィジョン chu gwijon ユ スンワン yu sunwan 金炳宣 kim pyŏng sŏn キム ビョンスン kimu byonsun キム ビョンソン kimu byonson 李秀英 yi su yŏng イ ソジョン i sojon イ スヨン i suyon 5 29 16 20 i suspect that in a couple of cases the katakana was based on english based romanizations ebr e g sŏn ebr sun スン sun su ebr soo ソ so but i can t explain the others 2 how did the portuguese man o war get its name 21 5 26 23 19 white ox 4 15 uni ai sair par tau nyair white ox year four month ten five day sorry i fell asleep before i could blog last night today i saw the google books preview of eric c rath s oishii the history of sushi 2021 rath says the kanji 寿司 for sushi might mean felicitious rule but instead are used solely for their sounds i was initially surprised by felicitious as 寿 normally represents sino japanese ju long life but i guess he got that from the native japanese reading kotobuki congratulations kotobuki less commonly kotohogi is from old japanese kətə pok i word pray for good outcome inf both modern forms are irregular i would expect kotohoki let s look at the irregularities b rendaku voicing at a morphemic boundary u possibly reflecting raising of pre old japanese o in medial position g i can t explain this i just learned from wiktionary that kotobuki as a surname can also be spelled 琴吹 harp blow back to sushi the word also has two logographic spellings and tonight i learned from wikipedia that they are regional 鮨 was the edo spelling and 鮓 was the osaka spelling how many such regional spellings are there and has there been any investigation of regional patterns in nôm spelling and back to rath who writes according to one hypothesis that dates to at least the end of the seventeenth century the japanese word sushi was derived from the word sui meaning sour tasting i wonder how many readers would think that sui somehow got a sh inserted into it to become a noun of course that s not what actually happened the reality is somewhat the other way the adjective originally had an attributive form su ki and a final predicative form su shi the source of the noun su ki x sour tasting x vs x su shi x is sour tasting su ki became su i via lenition su i came to be used for final predication as well as attribution rath ends that last sentence i quoted with a reference to a footnote that i can t see in the preview perhaps it explains that the noun sushi was from an old form su shi of the modern adjective su i the noun sushi is somewhat analogous to male shi names derived from adjectives e g yasushi yasu shi at ease shi shi is usually regarded as a final predication suffix but its early old japanese ancestor si can also be an attributive suffix and the attributive can function as a nominalizer e g na si ni not be attr loc lit in not being because there is no kojiki song 23 na si there takes the locative as if it were a noun for further discussion of old japanese si see vovin s grammar 2020 406 411 i regard names of the type yasushi as vestiges of si as a nominalizer next the accent of sushi 21 5 24 22 48 white ox 4 13 uni ai sair par nyair white ox year four month ten three day sorry another interruption in my series on the khitan small script character seven last night i found john kupchik s austronesian lights the the way the origins of the words for sun and other celestial vocabulary in old ryukyuan 2021 which debunks something i believed in for a long time the derivation of proto ryukyuan tenda sun okinawan tida from premodern sino japanese 天道 tendau id i already knew about a phonetic problem with that etymology the irregular sui generis correspondence of sj au to pr a instead of pr au but kupchik also notes a semantic problem sino japanese 天道 heaven road did not shift in meaning to sun until the late 16th century long after proto ryukyuan broke up so the resemblance between tenda and tendau is coincidental 21 5 23 23 56 white ox 4 12 uni ai sair par nyair white ox year four month ten two day in brief the pros and cons of reading the khitan small script character seven as dir kane 2009 193 d matches the d of khitan d a 313 seventh proto mongolic d ol u xa n seven and d al a n seventy janhunen 2003 17 and jurchen d alhon seventeen also matches the unaspirated t of the liao chinese transcription 迪烈 tiʔliêʔ for the name seven n liao chinese had no d so t was the best approximation it is even possible that khitan d was phonetically t if so then the liao chinese transcription perfectly matched the khitan initial i matches the i of the liao chinese transcription 迪烈 tiʔliêʔ but i would expect a on the basis of the other evidence above proto mongolic o in d o l u xa n is due to irregular labial assimilation with the following u contrast with d a l a n seventy which retains the original a and lacks a labial vowel triggering assimilation r does not match proto mongolic l or jurchen l kiyose 1977 133 however reconstructs jurchen seventeen as da r hon with r the ming chinese transcription of jurchen seventeen has 爾 r which could represent either syllable final l or r since ming chinese had no l see kane 1989 115 for examples of 爾 for a jurchen liquid presumably l corresponding to manchu l next more on the problem of the vowel of khitan seven 20 8 15 23 59 white rat 6 26 qulugh ai sair tau nyair white rat year six month twenty six day today is the seventy fifth anniversary of the 玉音放送 jewel voice broadcast that ended world war ii i don t know what the khitan word for seventy five was and i fear i never will know but at least i know how to write it in the khitan large script seventy five is seventy tau seventy is a logogram whose reading is unknown one could guess that it was like janhunen s 2003 16 proto mongolic dala n seventy but i always fear the sorok scenario in which an expected inherited numeral has been replaced by a completely different numeral¹ seventy is obviously graphically related to fifty sixty eighty tau five is identical in shape to chinese 五 five the logic of the fifty eighty characters built around 仒 is unknown the jurchen large script is commonly thought to be derived from the khitan large script yet the jurchen characters 900 seventy five nadanju shunja bear no resemblance to the khitan large script characters for seventy and five or to anything in chinese did the jurchen arbitrarily decide to deviate from the khitan model or is juha janhunen right in hypothesizing that the jurchen large script is not derived from the khitan large script the jurchen large script character seventy vaguely resembles seventy in the khitan small script but the um small degree of similarity is probably a coincidence since there doesn t seem to be any other overlap between the jurchen large script and the khitan small script unfortunately only a few characters of the jurchen small script survive and none of them have known functions or resemble any of the above characters for seventy no one knows if the jurchen small script had logograms for the tens like the other three scripts in theory nadanju seventy could have been written as seven ju ¹in old east slavic sorokŭ forty pelts replaced četyredesęte forty so russian and ukrainian sorok and belarusian sorak forty are not cognate to polish czterdzieści serbo croatian četrdeset etc 20 8 14 23 54 white rat 6 25 qulugh ai sair tau nyair white rat year six month twenty five day today on the discovery channel i saw bits of alien sharks featuring frilled sharks among other types of sharks what is the etymology of japanes e 羅鱶 rabuka frilled shark buka is the combining form of 鱶 fuka large shark but what is 羅 ra is it sino japanese 羅 ra net or is 羅 ra a phonogram for something else in any case no native japanese word can begin with r fuka large shark has nothing to do with the chinese morpheme dried fish mandarin xiǎng cantonese soeng2 etc that 鱶 originally represented why did the japanese write their native word for large shark as 鱶 dried fish 20 8 13 23 59 white rat 6 24 qulugh ai sair nyair white rat year six month twenty four day 1 long ago i thought the taiwanese car company yue loong was mandarin yuelong tones unknown but it was actually 裕隆 yùlóng abundant eminent and it s been yulon in english since 1992 i had heard of yulon s sub brands but didn t know their mandarin names until yesterday luxgen 納智捷 nàzhìjié receive wisdom fast tobe 酷比 kùbǐ cool compare in theory the mandarin names could be spelled in generic phonograms to be closer to the english names e g 勒克斯健 lèkèsījiàn bridle overcome this healthy 托比 tuōbǐ hold in palm compare but the actual names have better semantics 2 until yesterday yulon was the only taiwanese automaker i had ever heard of i learned of 福特六和 ford lio ho when i saw a reference to its mazda isamu genki japanese 勇 isamu a male name 元気 genki good spirits i can t find a chinese version of that name was isamu genki only written in roman letters how was isamu genki pronounced in mandarin which doesn t have the syllables gen or ki not counting the mazda part 馬自達 mǎzìdá whose z is ts not z normally japanese names retain their original kanji in mandarin pronunciation 松田 matsuda would become sōngtián however in this case matsuda mazda was phonetically transcribed probably because the car brand is written in katakana i e without kanji as マツダ windows 10 s ime s first option for matsuda is マツダ the surname 松田 comes second i suppose the car brand is more common but in google マツダ has 58 1 million results whereas 松田 has 69 6 million results 8 14 0 49 i just learned that in hong kong mazda is cantonese 萬事得 maan6 si6 dak1 ten thousand affair get 萬事得 clearly wasn t coined with mandarin in mind since it is pronounced w ànshìdé in mandarin conversely the mandarinization 馬自達 still works in cantonese maa5 zi6 daat6 isn t far from matsuda 3 i had first heard of the マツダ シャンテ matsuda shante mazda chantez as a child long before i studied french now i can see that chantez is a second person plural present indicative verb form 8 14 22 12 and now i wouldn t pronounce the final z i would have when i was ten and didn t know the katakana spelling much less french 4 tonight i had basa for dinner i had eaten that fish before but had never heard of its name which is from vietnamese ba sa in turn from khmer បាសាក់ pāsāk ɓaːsak bassac also vietnamized as bát sắc and ba thắc 8 14 20 14 does the vietnamization ba thắc date from a period prior to the fortition of ɕ to th tʰ was the name borrowed from a language whose name for the river was something like ɓaːɕak was that language something other than khmer which has never had ɕ as far as i know or was it a variety of khmer with ɕ for s 5 i hadn t heard of a derecho until today midwestern news doesn t get much coverage in hawaii i saw the word in an ap story on p 4 of the star advertiser 6 the word featured in today s star advertiser japan section is 3密 sanmitsu the three c s the public should avoid closed spaces crowded places and close contact to prevent spread of covid 19 8 14 22 50 密 mitsu mit is close dense the sanmitsu three mitsu are 密閉 mippei sealed 密 mitsu 閉 hei pei to close tsu t h p fuse into pp 密集 misshū crowding 密 mitsu 集 shū collect tsu t sh fuse into ssh 密接 missetsu close contact 密 mitsu 接 setsu contact tsu t s fuse into ss i don t know how old those compounds are even if they postdate the shifts of t tsu and p h they are pronounced with rules dating back to when 密 had t and 閉 had p 20 8 12 23 59 white rat 6 23 qulugh ai sair nyair white rat year six month twenty three day 1 last night i was surprised to learn that malaysia s proton car brand is a malayo euro hybrid proton p e r usahaan oto mobil n asional perusahaan industry is from malay usaha effort plus the circumfix per an 2 a lot of asian cars have un asian model names but at least some proton model names are exceptions until yesterday the only proton i had ever heard of was the saga but then i learned of the company s later models saga iswara sanskrit īśvara lord wira malay wira sanskrit vīra hero satria malay satria warrior sanskrit kṣatriya member of the warrior class perdana malay perdana principal sanskrit pradhāna id putra malay putra prince sanskrit putra son juara malay juara champion prakrit juāra gambler sanskrit dyūtakara gambler waja malay waja steel 3 until this morning i had forgotten about asüna a pseudo foreign name used by general motors in canada the umlaut has the same othering function in the far more famous pseudo foreign name häagen dazs i finally learned the origin of that name tonight reuben mattus invented the phrase häagen dazs in a quest for a brand name that he claimed was danish sounding however the company s pronunciation of the name ignores the letters ä and z letters like ä or digraphs like zs don t exist in danish but the similar words hagen and das s that also correspond to the company s pronunciation of its name mean the chin and outhouse toilet respectively in scandinavian languages with das s being coarse slang derived from german according to mattus it was a tribute to denmark s exemplary treatment of its jews during the second world war and included an outline map of denmark on early labels mattus felt that denmark was also known for its dairy products and had a positive image in the united states his daughter doris hurley reported in the 1999 pbs documentary an ice cream show that her father sat at the kitchen table for hours saying nonsensical words until he came up with a combination he liked the reason he chose this method was so that the name would be unique and original 4 tonight i also learned about häagen dazs extinct sort of competitor frusen glädjé which has a near swedish name 5 the foreignness of häagen dazs isn t as strong in mandarin 哈根達斯 hāgēn dásī it s not possible to replicate the flavor of an umlaut or the digraph zs in chinese characters there is nothing unusual about the phonograms 哈根達斯 6 tonight i discovered that wikipedia has a whole article about foreign branding lol au bon pain a bakery cafe with a french name was founded in boston superdry s use of pseudo japanese has long bugged me turns out superdry is british i should have figured pret a manger was british too i used to eat there when i lived in london 8 13 0 51 pret turns out to have shops in france i never saw them in paris or lyon roland is japanese the roland name was selected for export purposes as kakehashi was interested in a name that was easy to pronounce for his worldwide target markets the name was found in a telephone directory and kakehashi was satisfied with the simple two syllable word and its soft consonants the letter r was chosen because it was not used by many other music equipment companies and would therefore stand out in trade show directories and industry listings kakehashi did not learn of the french epic poem the song of roland until later added quotation...