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june 2007 a voice of reason sane views for a crazy world a voice of reason sane views for a crazy world june 9 2007 the formation of cultural icons a critical analysis pt ii filed under blogging children culture education history politicalscience politics avoiceofreason 2 17 am second in a series this is from a paper i presented this segment deals with an analysis of a study of the formation of a cultural identity in the text book covers found in the us in the 18th and 19th century the second article analyzed wished to examine the use of visual metaphor in the front covers in popular textbooks published in the united states in the late 18 th and early to mid 19 th century in this study provenzo 1984 the argument posed is that by use of traditional and symbolic metaphors a distinct patriotic iconography emerged in the united states in declaring independence from england it was important for the united states had also declared a rejection of england s social traditions and the need was to find a replacement for the new republic typically found on the textbooks from this era are symbols from the ancient world typically found in the ancient roman republic ultimately these symbols would become identifiable with the new republic being formed the author s asserts a patriotic iconography or symbolism emerged drawing upon the collective history of the nation in early editions of textbooks used in the united states images of the founding fathers are seen however by the end of the 18 th century the figure of minerva or athena is seen acting as a guide for young children it was a common practice in england to put the ruling monarch on the cover of children s texts yet after only a short period publishers had rejected this practice in america the use of these characters from antiquity is not unusual and emerged consistently as time progressed the image of minerva went through slight changes light is seen as coming from her head she holds a staff and other symbols from antiquity appear interestingly minerva is the roman equivalent of athena the safeguard of athens so long as her image remained within the walls of the city the symbolic parallel is clear and was over a period of time was brought to the focus of the new nation s children daily in later editions of texts the roman goddess of liberty is represented she also goes through minor transformations through the year each having symbolic value by the year 1841 she is seen wearing a phrygian cap which in ancient rome would be given to slaves who had been emancipated in another widely used series of texts minerva and liberty appear together with minerva ascending into the heavens while liberty remains on the earth which the author insinuates as the coming to maturity of the ideals of the new nation by the middle of the century the figure of liberty is seen atop the national capitol and by 1886 the statue of liberty arguably becomes the most recognizable icon for the values and principals of the american republic the suggestion of the study is that educational materials reflect an emergence and are part of the evolution of a culture it is clear that development of a cultural identification with ancient rome was paramount in the formation of a national identity for the united states and the educational system was at the front and center of this formation of a collective sense of historical identity comments 2 june 8 2007 the formation of cultural icons a critical analysis pt i filed under blogging conservatives culture entertainment history liberals philosophy politicalscience politics uncategorized war protest avoiceofreason 3 29 am this is a paper i am presenting and thought it might generate some interest here icons are a part of any culture however they often serve a role which detracts from a role which would be more fitting in the sense of this report an icon is an object which takes upon mythical meaning beyond the symbolism which it attempts to represent three areas of society which could easily be identified as icons are elaborated upon in this analysis of three historical studies how common beliefs become part of a cultural curriculum or in a sense an icon was the topic of a study wineburg mosborg porat duncan 2004 performed concerning generational perceptions of the vietnam war the study posed to answer the question how historical knowledge is transmitted across generations over a thirty month period the authors interviewed fifteen families drawn from three different communities the author s purpose was to ascertain how two generations defined moments of history and whether the history represented by the generations formed a collective memory with regard to a historical event over a course of 30 months 30 members of 15 families were interviewed about how their conceptualization of the past may form a collective concept about a historical era the sample families represented evangelical christians lapsed roman catholics buddhists and jews four of the families consisted of members who had been born outside of the united states twelve families were caucasian and one each as african american native american and asian american one parent and one child from each family were interviewed about their knowledge and conceptual framework concerning american involvement in vietnam each member participating in the study was also asked to provide their interpretation of well known photographs taken from the vietnam era which could easily be identified as icons of the era prior to the interviewing the student s perceptions of the vietnam war and the instruction offered concerning the topic were analyzed by the researchers despite the detailed instruction concerning the issues at stake in the vietnam war by the schools of the students as a group had a similar perception of the vietnam war a war without a reason during the interview process both parent and child were asked to write down their reactions to the pictures shown by answering open ended questions such as what do you see in this picture and what associations does this picture bring up both participants would then be asked to respond to the photo and their corresponding interpretation with the child this was done in order to protect against parental input having an impact upon the child s answer later on the responses elicited by each respondent was coded with a graphic textual spreadsheet in order to develop emergent themes from the interview process various combinations of grouping students with other students students and parents from one subset being compared to other students and parents from other subsets and then groupings based on conceptual agreement were formed the first photo used was a picture of a veteran of the vietnam war looking upon the names etched on the wall while his hand gingerly touches the wall of all the photos presented this one image was the most identifiable picture all of the teens and all but one of the parents who had been born in the former soviet union were able to recognize the memorial every student also knew what the man was attempting to do search for a name on the wall and then etch it into a piece of paper he held in his right hand for the parents the picture brought back memories of loved ones or friends who had served in the vietnam war and the veteran took on a symbolic identification of long remembered people from their past however the students answers were more general with the man depicted in the photo not taking any symbolic meaning at all the experience for the adults in the study also reflected their own personal opinions concerning america s involvement in vietnam words and phrases such as resolution respect that was deserved appeared in the responses in the adults interestingly the man portrayed in the picture is seen by all as a victim of the war and not as a perpetrator of war who is worthy of respect and pity not hatred the second photo is also an icon of the vietnam war era a photo of a young man placing flowers in the barrels of guns of soldiers in the 1967 march on the pentagon the adults surveyed instantly identified the clash between the flower and the guns as a symbolic clash of war opposed to peace terms used to qualify the event express the antithetical symbolism the picture displays blocking soldiers with flowers peace not power and a divided country for the students there was a significant disconnect with the interpretation of the picture only eight of the fifteen could identify the basic concept of peace versus might the symbolic elements of the picture were even less easily discerned by the youngsters one student thought the soldiers were north vietnamese another felt the incident was meant to mourn the dead interestingly for the adults the first photo brought about feelings of the nation coming to reconciliation about the war the second photo brought the sharp divide felt by their generation back to the forefront one parent spoke warmly of the camaraderie felt by members of the anti war movement towards each other another contemptuously replied he s a slime bucket part of the student s problems with this photo was their failure to identify the clean cut youth as a hippie his appearance does not align with their perception of the prototypical hippie of the 1960 s the third photo a hard hat rally drew strong responses and identification by the adults in the group and almost universal misunderstanding by the younger generation the rally which was a pro war response by blue collar workers in new york city in support of the war in 1970 elicited two polarized replies one reply stated that although there was confusion about the issues in the war these guys typical working men were going to support the government this picture also drew a rather strong comment by an opponent of the war these men are a bunch of assholes guided by their penises on the other hand the majority of students were unable to interpret the photo one person identified the type of people represented blue collar workers but had no idea what the purpose of the rally served one thought that a sign which referred to building america was an anti war sentiment as it contrasted the destruction which was going on in vietnam many of the students were surprised to learn that people actually protested in favor of the vietnam war more than one of the students cited the movie forrest gump which had framed their perception that all of america was against the war when in reality as late as 1972 a gallup poll showed that 70 of the nation felt a renewed confidence in the prosecution of the war the findings of this study concluded that the younger people perception of the war had not been formed by instruction or by a true understanding of the concepts involved but had been formed images found in media such as movies about the vietnam war and that despite various ethnic and cultural variance a consistent perception about the war had been formed by these young people and their perception about the war was remarkably similar than their parents who had experienced the war from a more personal vantage point the young people s perception allowed no room for pro war demonstrations and the silent majority that supported the vietnam war in the eyes of this generation removed by the war from time the vietnam war was one fought without supporters in a real sense cultural occlusion has come about with regard to this historical event and in effect the icons of the vietnam war have been selectively used or occluded to create a historical construct comments 5 it s been awhile filed under blogging avoiceofreason 3 10 am i know it has been awhile but work and classes doctoral programs suck have kept me rather busy comments 2 pages about blogroll 4 simpsons but i am a liberal chinaview dr roger passman ed d education for the aughts goodboys nation grand old partisan in 2 the fray jihadwatch maggie s notebook no man s blog nuke s news political grind politik ditto the mersman political blog the mouse house tom s common sense wake up america wit or wisdom wizbang categories abortion aclu adoption automobiles blogging bush business children china christianity church cnn computers congress conservatives constitution corporatism crime culture darwin awards democrat draft education edwards election 08 entertainment environment family first amendment fox fred thompson gay rights general gilmore gingrich giuliani global warming gop debate health high stakes testing history humor hunter ibm illegal aliens inspirational iran iraq islam israel liberals life long learning mainstream media mccain media middle east mike huckabee military msm msnbc multiculturalism national guard nclb obama olympicboycott palestinians patriot act pets philosophy politicalscience politics polls primaries quote of the day reagan religion republican research romney ron paul saudi arabia school law schools science second amendment sex crimes supreme court suv s tancredo teacher 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