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er a data point to see the number of runs scored by each team about this graph the roots of scoring runs there are lots of way to break down how teams score runs this graph is based on two key factors getting runners on base and slugging them home the potent combination of these two factors has led to the widespread use of ops on base average plus slugging percentage as a simple but effective way to evaluate batters on this graph i use isolated power iso which is slugging percentage minus batting average instead of slugging percentage because that makes the differences between teams more apparent the best scoring teams will be in the upper right quadrant of the graph but the x axis obp tends to be more important than the y axis iso still this graph effectively shows different styles of run scoring between teams as you stroll through history watch how the scale on the y axis grows as batters learn to emphasize the long ball download graph pitching defense fip and der better pitching teams are on the right better fielding teams are near the top dotted lines represent league averages for the selected year hover over a data point to see the number of runs allowed by each team about this graph separating the impact of pitching and fielding the easiest way to judge the effectiveness of pitching is to isolate those things that don t involve fielders strikeouts walks and home runs that s what fip hra 13 bb 3 k 2 ip measures technical note i don t add the league adjustment to fip because it doesn t matter for graphing purposes all other batting events are batted balls that involve fielders to measure what happens on those balls we use defense efficiency ratio der which is simply the percent of batted balls not including home runs turned into outs by fielders der reflects a lot of complex stuff such the quality of the fielders the gloves the ballpark configurations how hard the ball was hit where it was hit and probably a few more things i haven t thought of so it isn t a perfect measure of fielding excellence but it s a stat that can be used throughout baseball history note that it was more important in the early years of baseball when more pitches were put into play the best teams at turning batted balls into outs are on the top and the fip axis on the bottom is reversed so that the best pitching teams are on the right download graph league statistics over time select statistic runs per game on base percentage slugging percentage isolated power strikeouts walks stolen bases caught stealing home runs doubles triples earned run average era complete games saves fielding independent pitching balls in play defensive efficiency record fielding percentage errors attendance select an era all years custom range dead ball 1901 1919 live ball 1920 1941 world war ii 1942 1945 integration 1946 1960 expansion 1961 1976 free agency 1977 1993 steroid era 1994 2005 modern era 2006 present from to loading data download graph team tables from to show top 5 top 10 top 20 team year league value team year league value runs scored vs runs allowed per game best 5 runs scored per game team year league rs g worst 5 runs scored per game team year league rs g best 5 runs allowed per game team year league ra g worst 5 runs allowed per game team year league ra g home runs vs home runs allowed per game best 5 home runs per game team year league hr g worst 5 home runs per game team year league hr g best 5 home runs allowed per game team year league hra g worst 5 home runs allowed per game team year league hra g batter strikeouts vs pitcher strikeouts per game best 5 fewest batter strikeouts per game team year league so g worst 5 most batter strikeouts per game team year league so g best 5 most pitcher strikeouts per game team year league soa g worst 5 fewest pitcher strikeouts per game team year league soa g batter walks vs pitcher walks per game best 5 most batter walks per game team year league bb g worst 5 fewest batter walks per game team year league bb g best 5 fewest pitcher walks per game team year league bba g worst 5 most pitcher walks per game team year league bba g best 5 run differential team year league run diff worst 5 run differential team year league run diff best 5 pythagorean variance team year league pythvar worst 5 pythagorean variance team year league pythvar multi stat timeline statistic 1 runs scored per game home runs per game batter strikeouts per game batter walks per game stolen bases per game doubles per game triples per game slugging percentage on base percentage isolated power batting average era fielding independent pitching runs allowed per game pitcher strikeouts per game pitcher walks per game home runs allowed per game complete games per game saves per game errors per game fielding percentage defense efficiency record attendance per game balls in play per game statistic 2 none runs scored per game home runs per game batter strikeouts per game batter walks per game stolen bases per game doubles per game triples per game slugging percentage on base percentage isolated power batting average era fielding independent pitching runs allowed per game pitcher strikeouts per game pitcher walks per game home runs allowed per game complete games per game saves per game errors per game fielding percentage defense efficiency record attendance per game balls in play per game statistic 3 none runs scored per game home runs per game batter strikeouts per game batter walks per game stolen bases per game doubles per game triples per game slugging percentage on base percentage isolated power batting average era fielding independent pitching runs allowed per game pitcher strikeouts per game pitcher walks per game home runs allowed per game complete games per game saves per game errors per game fielding percentage defense efficiency record attendance per game balls in play per game select an era all years custom range dead ball 1901 1919 live ball 1920 1941 world war ii 1942 1945 integration 1946 1960 expansion 1961 1976 free agency 1977 1993 steroid era 1994 2005 modern era 2006 present start year end year league both leagues average american league national league mode 0 1 scale min max z score standard deviation update chart about this graph this graph allows you to overlay up to three statistics with completely different scales on the same graph using normalized values there are two different modes for comparing stats 0 1 scale min max normalizes where 0 historical minimum and 1 historical maximum across all years 1901 2024 this lets you see where any value ranks in the all time range the middle of the axis 0 5 isn t the average or the median it s the point betweeen the minimum and the maximum z score shows how many standard deviations each value is from the historical average 0 average 1 top 16 2 top 2 5 etc great for spotting unusual or exceptional periods in baseball history hover over any point to see the actual raw values alongside the normalized values download graph stat correlation explorer x axis statistic run differential per game winning percentage pythagorean variance pythagorean variance per game runs scored per game slugging percentage on base percentage isolated power batter home runs per game doubles per game triples per game batter strikeouts per game batter walks per game stolen bases per game caught stealing per game runs allowed per game era fielding independent pitching pitcher strikeouts per game pitcher walks per game home runs allowed per game complete games per game saves per game balls in play per game errors per game fielding percentage defense efficiency record attendance per game y axis statistic run differential per game winning percentage pythagorean variance per game runs scored per game slugging percentage on base percentage isolated power batter home runs per game doubles per game triples per game batter strikeouts per game batter walks per game stolen bases per game caught stealing per game runs allowed per game era fielding independent pitching pitcher strikeouts per game pitcher walks per game home runs allowed per game complete games per game saves per game balls in play per game errors per game fielding percentage defense efficiency record attendance per game select an era all years custom range dead ball 1901 1919 live ball 1920 1941 world war ii 1942 1945 integration 1946 1960 expansion 1961 1976 free agency 1977 1993 steroid era 1994 2005 modern era 2006 present start year end year league all leagues american league national league update chart download graph select statistics and click update chart to see the correlation team timeline explorer select team loading teams from year to year select a team to view their history run differential runs scored runs allowed other stats run differential over time about this graph all about the team s run differential runs scored minus runs allowed first of all the top line graph illustrates the team s run differential year after year the orange asterisks represent years that the team won the world series the two bar charts below it illustrate whether the team s differential was driven by runs scored or runs allowed by comparing its runs scored allowed per game compared to the league average since you want to score more runs but allow fewer runs the two bar charts should be read differently that is up is good for runs scored but down is good for runs allowed to make this easier to interpret the good bars are blue and the bad ones are orange on these bar charts bars that point away from the middle are good those that point toward the middle aren t download graph runs scored about this graph the top line graph tracks how many runs the team scored per game compared to the league average it s the same as the first bar chart on the run differential tab the two bar charts below it break out two key components of scoring runs getting on base obp and slugging iso the orange asterisks represent years that the team won the world series the bottom bar charts show the performance of the team compared to the league average that year for both charts bars that are above the line conveniently colored blue are good bars that go below the line orange aren t so good download graph runs allowed about this graph on this tab the line graph tracks how many runs the team allowed per game compared to the league average that year since you want to allow fewer runs lines that drop below average are better than those above this line graph is a repeat of the same data reflected in the second bar chart on the run differential tab the orange asterisks represent years that the team won the world series the two bar graphs below the line graph measure the performance of the team s fielders and pitchers they compare the team s performance in der defense efficiency record and fip fielding independent pitching to the league average that year since you want a higher der and a lower fip the two bar charts should be read differently that is up is good for der but down is good for fip to make this easier to interpret the good bars are blue and the bad ones are orange on these bar charts bars that point away from the middle are good those that point toward the middle aren t download graph other statistics vs league average select statistic winning percentage pythagorean variance runs scored per game slugging percentage on base percentage batter strikeouts batter walks batter doubles batter triples batter home runs stolen bases runs allowed per game earned run average pitcher strikeouts pitcher walks home runs allowed complete games saves fielding independent pitching defense efficiency record errors attendance about this graph this chart shows how your selected team s performance in various statistics compared to league average over time use the dropdown above to explore different stats positive values indicate above average performance negative values indicate below average except for stats like era and errors where lower is better download graph franchise history names ballparks leagues years team name ballpark pf league select a team to view franchise history for more information about go to baseball reference a few things i didn t know until i saw these graphs fielding suffered in the early 90 s and has never recovered defense efficiency record in modern baseball history click to enlarge der and slg from 1901 to 2024 click to enlarge hra and der from 1988 to 1997 click to enlarge defense efficiency record or der for those in the acronym biz is a pretty simple statistic it takes all balls that were batted into play so no home runs and calculates how many were turned into outs it s a simple measure but it reflects a lot of complex stuff such the quality of the fielders the gloves the ballpark configurations how hard the ball was hit where it was hit and probably a few more things i haven t thought of which is why i find the first graph on the right the league statistics over time graph so fascinating it s the story of what has happened to batted balls in play since 1901 click to embiggen the graph if you d like the story it tells is this there were wild swings in fielding results during the deadball era followed by a steady period of relatively low der in the live ball era in the beginning years of world war ii der took a jump up and didn t look down again for several decades that gap between the al and nl in the 60s is interesting isn t it this jump may have been due to improvements in technology such as better fielding gloves or park conditions among other things but the thing that really catches my eye even without the arrow is the downturn in the early 90s if you pull up the graph yourself and mouse over the data points you ll see that the percent of batted balls fielded for outs dropped from 70 in 1992 to 68 1996 that doesn t sound like a lot but keep in mind that we re talking over 100 000 balls in play each year it adds up what s more this became a long term change der has crept back up but is only now 2024 back up to 70 what happened well we should first acknowledge that the colorado rockies with their cavernous ballpark joined the majors in 1993 if you look them up in the team timeline explorer you ll see that their der is typically two percentage points lower than the major league average but that s how much der fell across both leagues during that time and the rockies were only one team this is where the multi stat timeline comes in handy in the second graph you ll spot two statistics der and slugging percentage it s a fascinating graph isn t it the two stats seem to dance around each other when slugging goes up the percent of fielded balls goes down and vice versa so i took a closer look at the period in question and ran the stat correlation explorer on home runs allowed and der for each team slugging isn t available for defense and found that there was a decent negative correlation between the two at this time seems to be a relationship here perhaps balls were hit harder which mad...